Svoboda, Ludvík

Japanese: スボボダ（英語表記）Svoboda， Ludvík

Born: November 25, 1895 in Hroznatyn, Moravia
[Died] September 20, 1979. Prague Czechoslovakian soldier and politician. Born into a peasant family, he served in World War I and surrendered to Russia, becoming a company commander in the Czechoslovak army formed there. After the founding of the country, he became an instructor at the Military Academy, and after the Nazi occupation, he joined the underground resistance movement in East Moravia. In 1939, he traveled via Poland to the Soviet Union, where he organized a Czechoslovak unit and fought on the Western Front with the Soviet army. In 1945, he returned to his homeland with the Provisional Government of Kosice and became Minister of Defense. In 1948, he joined the Communist Party and became a Central Committee member, but was expelled as part of a purge and imprisoned in 1952. After his release, he was director of the Military Academy from 1955 to 1959, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1965. In April 1968, he was nominated for the presidency by the reformists, and when the armies of five countries invaded in August, he went to Moscow and negotiated forcefully to demand the release of A. Dubcek and other leaders. After that, with the old regime back in power, he remained in the presidency out of concern for minimizing the deterioration of the situation, but in May 1975, due to illness and old age, he handed over the position to G. Husák.

Svoboda
Svoboda, Josef

Born: May 10, 1920 by Časlav
[Died] April 8, 2002, Prague Czech set designer. He considered sets and lighting to be organic elements of performing arts, and worked on experimental stage productions using a variety of equipment and techniques. In 1948, he was the chief designer for the Czech National Theatre. He is known for Laterna Magika, which he performed at the 1958 World's Fair in Brussels, a production that alternated between film footage and actual stage performances to tell the story. He was also active internationally, including at the National Theatre in the UK.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1895.11.25. モラビア，フロズナティーン
[没]1979.9.20. プラハ
チェコスロバキアの軍人，政治家。小農の家に生れ，第1次世界大戦に従軍しロシアに投降，同地で結成されたチェコスロバキア軍の中隊長となった。建国後軍事アカデミーの教官に就任，ナチスによる占領後は東モラビアで地下抵抗運動に参加。 1939年にポーランドを経てソ連へ行き，チェコスロバキア部隊を組織，ソ連軍とともに西部戦線を歴戦，45年コシツェ臨時政府とともに祖国に帰り，国防相に就任した。 48年共産党に入党，中央委員となったが，粛清のため追放され，52年に投獄された。釈放後 55～59年に軍事アカデミー院長，65年ソ連邦英雄の称号を受けた。 68年4月改革派に推されて大統領に就任，8月の5ヵ国軍侵入に際し，A.ドプチェクら指導者の釈放を求めてモスクワに乗込み，強硬に交渉した。その後，旧体制の復活した状況のもとで，事態の悪化を最小限に押える考慮から大統領の職にとどまっていたが，75年5月病気と老齢を理由に地位を G.フサークに譲った。

スボボダ
Svoboda， Josef

[生]1920.5.10. チャスラフ
[没]2002.4.8. プラハ
チェコの舞台装置家。装置と照明を舞台芸術の有機的な要素と考え，さまざまな機器や技術を駆使して実験的な舞台づくりに取り組んだ。 1948年チェコ国立劇場の首席デザイナー。 1958年ブリュッセルの万国博覧会で行なった，映画の画面と実際の舞台の演技とを交互に見せながら物語を展開する「ラテルナ・マギカ」で知られる。イギリスのナショナル・シアターをはじめ，国際的にも活躍した。

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