Incestuous marriage - Kinshinkon

Japanese: 近親婚 - きんしんこん
Incestuous marriage - Kinshinkon

When we normally talk about incest, we take it for granted that it is marriage between people who are closely related by blood. However, we tend to overlook the fact that marriage is a complex system that is made up of various social and cultural factors, and treat it as if it were synonymous with sexual intercourse, and assume that incest can be treated as a matter of eugenic consideration. In Japan, for example, Article 734 of the Civil Code states that "marriage cannot take place between direct blood relatives or collateral blood relatives within the third degree of kinship," and while marriage between cousins ​​of the fourth degree of kinship is legally recognized, it is often considered a typical example of incestuous marriage among the general public and is often a problem. Furthermore, the Civil Code stipulates that marriage cannot be made between certain relatives by marriage. It is common to consider as incest marriages the marriage customs reported in non-Western societies, such as the fact that brother-sister marriages were once permitted among the royal families of Egypt in the Roman period, Hawaii, and the Inca Empire, many societies in which cousin marriages (usually the daughters of the man's mother's brother) are permitted or encouraged, and even the case of grandfather-granddaughter marriages in the Lele society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa. However, when analyzing and comparing marriages in various societies around the world, we must at least give careful consideration to the following issues: (1) what does blood ties really mean? (2) how are kinships classified, which is often closely related to the way kinship names are used, such as how close or thin they are? (3) are they confused with incest? (4) how do members of the society themselves explain incestuous marriages? (5) what effect does it have on social organization? Regarding the last issue, previous research on marriage in social anthropology has revealed that incestuous marriages strengthen the solidarity of one's descent group, prevent the dispersion of property, maintain the uniqueness of a lineage with a dominant status, and maintain social relations through the exchange of women between two or more groups. In the end, the types of marriages that can be considered incestuous marriages differ depending on the society, and it must be said that understanding them is extremely difficult if one is held back by negative preconceptions.

[Masayoshi Ogawa]

"Marriage: What is a Husband? An Anthropological Study" by Lucy Mair, translated by Fumiko Dobashi (1979, Hosei University Press, Libraria Selection)

[Reference] | Marriage

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

われわれが普通近親婚という場合、血のつながりの濃い者同士の結婚という意味の自明の語として用いられている。だが、とかく、婚姻がさまざまの社会的・文化的要素からなる複雑な仕組みであることを見過ごし、性的交渉と同義語のように扱い、近親婚を優生学的考慮の対象にしさえすればよいと思い込みがちである。日本では、たとえば民法第734条に「直系血族又は三親等内の傍系血族の間では、婚姻をすることができない」などとあり、4親等になるいとこ同士の結婚は法的に認められているのに、人々の間では近親間の結婚の代表的な例とされ、問題にされることも多い。さらに民法では、一部の姻族とも結婚できない決まりになっている。ローマ時代のエジプトの王朝、ハワイやインカ帝国の王族の間でかつては兄弟姉妹の結婚が許されていた事実、いとこ(多くの場合、男性の母親の兄弟の娘)との結婚が許され、あるいは奨励される多数の社会、さらにはアフリカのコンゴ民主共和国(旧ザイール)に住むレレ人の社会では祖父と孫娘の結婚が許されている事例など、非西欧的社会から報告される婚姻習俗を近親婚として取り上げるのが一般的であろう。しかし、地球上のさまざまの社会にみられる婚姻を分析し比較する見方で考える際には、少なくとも、(1)血のつながりとは実際になにを意味するのか、(2)濃い薄いなど、しばしば親族名称のあり方と密接に関連する、親族の区分の仕方はどのようになされているか、(3)いわゆる近親相姦(そうかん)(インセスト)と混同してはいないであろうか、(4)近親との結婚を当該社会の成員自身はどう説明するか、(5)その社会組織に及ぼす作用がいかなるものであるか、といった問題を十分に考えなければならない。最後の問題については、出自集団の結束を強化する、財産の分散を防ぐ、支配的地位を有する血統の独自性を保つ、二つ以上の集団間での女性交換による社会関係の維持などが、これまでの社会人類学の婚姻研究によって明らかにされてきている。結局、社会が違うと、近親婚とされうる婚姻の型も異なってくるのであるし、否定的な先入観にとらわれていてはその理解もきわめて困難であるといわざるをえない。

[小川正恭]

『ルーシー・メア著、土橋文子訳『婚姻 夫とは何か/人類学的考察』(1979・法政大学出版局・りぶらりあ選書)』

[参照項目] | 婚姻

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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