Protecting a nation's territorial integrity and political independence, as well as the lives and property of its citizens, from external attacks. Traditionally, this meant protecting these things from military threats through military means, but in the 1970s, against the backdrop of growing international interdependence and deepening economic crises, the idea of "comprehensive security" began to be advocated, which sought to protect national interests, including political and economic interests, more broadly through not only military means but also diplomacy and economic power. Furthermore, since the 1990s, attention has been focused on "human security," which seeks to protect individuals' freedom from fear and want through a variety of means, including political, economic, and social, and which also includes threats such as terrorism, international organized crime, and infectious diseases. In the international community up until World War I, the idea of individual security was dominant, based on international law, which legalizes war as a means of resolving international disputes, and the theory of balance of power, which states that international peace and national security are maintained by the balance of power between opposing nations (groups). Under this idea, however, an arms race between opposing nations (groups) was inevitable, which not only increased international tensions and the threat of war, but also greatly increased the possibility that small-scale conflicts would escalate into world wars. Therefore, the League of Nations, which was established based on the experience of World War I, adopted a new system of collective security. Collective security involves all countries in the world or a region, including opposing nations, entering into a treaty to promise mutual non-aggression and cooperating to deter and punish the use of force that violates the promise. This system is premised on the restriction and prohibition of the use of force in international relations, and also includes the possibility that international tensions will be eased and the path to disarmament will be opened through cooperation to deter aggression. The League of Nations' collective security was considered to have failed due to its decentralized nature, with individual league states deciding on violations of the Covenant and the sanctions that would be imposed for them. After World War II, collective security was further developed and strengthened in the United Nations by centralizing these powers in the Security Council and providing for military enforcement measures. However, during the Cold War, the UN's collective security did not function effectively, and the United States and the Soviet Union each established a military alliance based on the right of collective self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter. At the same time, to justify such a policy, the theory of nuclear deterrence was advocated, which states that peace is maintained by a balance of nuclear power among military alliances. However, this theory contains exactly the same flaws as the old balance of power theory, and non-aligned countries and the peace movement countered it with the idea of revitalizing the UN's collective security and peace through disarmament. After the end of the Cold War, the UN's collective security system seemed to have been revitalized, but at the same time, the inherent limitations of this system were also revealed, such as the "double standard" in which the Security Council's political judgment determines whether or not similar "threats to peace" are subject to sanctions, and the sacrifice of ordinary citizens due to military, economic, and other sanctions. On the other hand, there have been cases of unilateral use of force by some developed countries in response to humanitarian crises and terrorism. However, as can be seen in the Outcome Document of the UN General Assembly World Summit held in 2005, the international community generally recognizes that the best way to deal with the multifaceted threats facing the modern world is to improve and strengthen the UN collective security system. [Yoshiro Matsui] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国の領土保全と政治的独立、国民の生命・財産を外部からの攻撃から守ること。伝統的には、これらを軍事的な脅威から軍事的な手段によって守ることを意味したが、1970年代には、国際的な相互依存関係の強まりや経済的危機の深まりを背景として、より広く政治的・経済的利益などを含めた国家的利益を、軍事的手段だけでなく外交、経済力などをも用いて守ろうという「総合的安全保障」が主張されるようになった。 また、1990年代以降はテロリズム、国際組織犯罪、感染症なども脅威に含め、個人における恐怖と欠乏からの自由を、政治的、経済的、社会的など多様な手段によって守ろうという「人間の安全保障」が注目されるようになっている。 第一次世界大戦までの国際社会では、国際紛争解決の手段としての戦争を合法とする国際法と、相対立する国家(群)間の力の均衡によって国際平和と国の安全が保たれるという勢力均衡論のもとに、自国の軍備増強と軍事同盟の強化によって安全を守るという、個別的安全保障の考え方が支配的であった。ところが、この考え方のもとでは、対立する国家(群)間の軍拡競争が必然的となり、国際緊張が高まって戦争の危機を強めるだけでなく、小規模な紛争が世界戦争へと拡大する可能性も大きい。そこで、第一次世界大戦の経験をふまえて設立された国際連盟では、新たに集団安全保障の制度が採用された。集団安全保障は、相対立する国家も含めて全世界ないし一地域のすべての国が条約を結び、相互不可侵を約束するとともに、約束に違反する武力行使を抑止し制裁するために協力することを内容とする。この制度は国際関係における武力行使の制限・禁止を前提とし、侵略抑止のための協力を通じて国際緊張が緩和され軍縮への道が開かれる可能性をも内包する。国際連盟の集団安全保障は、規約違反とこれに対する制裁を個々の連盟国が決定するという分権的な性格のために失敗したと評価され、第二次世界大戦後の国際連合では、これらを安全保障理事会に集権化するとともに軍事的強制措置を用意するという形で、集団安全保障はいっそう整備され強化された。 ところが、冷戦のもとでは国連の集団安全保障は有効に機能せず、米ソは国連憲章第51条の集団的自衛権を根拠にそれぞれ軍事同盟を設立した。それとともに、このような政策を正当化するために、軍事同盟間の核戦力の均衡によって平和が維持されるという核抑止論を唱えた。しかし、それはかつての勢力均衡論とまったく同じ欠陥を含むものであり、非同盟諸国や平和運動は、国連の集団安全保障の活性化と軍縮による平和という考え方をこれに対置した。冷戦の解消後は、国連の集団安全保障体制が活性化されてきたようにみえるが、それに伴って、安全保障理事会の政治的判断によって同様の「平和に対する脅威」等が制裁の対象となったりならなかったりするという「二重基準」、軍事的・経済的等の制裁による一般住民の犠牲など、この体制の内在的な限界が露呈されることにもなった。 他方では、人道的危機やテロへの対処を理由とする、一部先進国による一方的な武力行使もみられたが、2005年に行われた国連総会世界サミットの「成果文書」にみられるように、現代世界の多面的な脅威に対処する最善の道は国連の集団安全保障体制を改善し強化することだというのが、国際社会の一般的な認識となっている。 [松井芳郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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