Trade area - shoken

It refers to the geographical area that is influenced and has influence over the commercial functions of a particular store, shopping district, or even a city as a central location. It is made up of both stores, shopping districts, and cities that supply goods and services, and the consumers who obtain them and make a living from them. A commercial area is primarily seen from the perspective of the former, while the latter is called a living area. There are two aspects to commerce: retail and wholesale, which are called wholesale commercial areas and retail commercial areas, respectively, but nowadays the term commercial area generally refers to the retail commercial area. In contrast, wholesale commercial areas have a wider scope and are often called economic areas. Commercial functions can also be interpreted broadly to include recreation, medical care, education, government, and other services, and are referred to as service areas, or used synonymously with urban areas.

The ties (dependence, orientation, degree or rate of connection) between central facilities such as shops, shopping streets, and cities within a trade area and the surrounding consumers who use them weaken as the distance from the center increases, and eventually the ties disappear, but this varies depending on the size of the central facility and transportation conditions. Also, when the focus is on local goods (daily necessities, low-level goods), the trade area is small, while the scope of the trade area is wide for shopping goods (luxury goods, specialty goods, preference goods, high-level goods). Due to such hierarchical differences, trade areas centered on small-scale low-level goods are contained within trade areas centered on large-scale high-level goods, showing a multi-layered structure. Nowadays, the terms hinterland and market area are also used in a similar sense.

[Kiyoshi Sawada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

特定の商店、商店街、さらに中心地としての都市の商業機能の勢力、影響の及ぶ地域的範囲をいう。それは、商品やサービスを供給する商店、商店街、都市と、それを入手して生活を営む消費者の双方から形成される。商圏は主として、前者の側にたってみたもので、後者の場合は生活圏とよばれる。なお商業には小売りと卸売りの二つの面があり、それぞれ卸売商圏、小売商圏とよばれるが、現在では一般的に商圏は小売商圏をさすことが多い。それに対し卸売商圏は広い範囲をもち、経済圏とよぶことが多い。なお、商業機能を広義に解釈し、レクリエーション、医療、教育、行政などの各サービスをも含め、サービス圏としたり、都市圏と同義に用いられたりする。

　商圏内における商店、商店街、都市など中心的な施設と、それを利用する周辺の消費者との結び付き（依存、指向、連係度または率）は、中心からの距離が遠くなるにつれて弱まり、やがて結び付きはなくなるが、それは中心的な施設の規模の大きさや交通的条件などによって異なる。また最寄品(もよりひん)（日常必需品、低次財）を主とする場合は、商圏は小さく、買回品(かいまわりひん)（高級品、専門品、選好品、高次財）では商圏の範囲は広い。このような階層的な差によって、小規模な低次財中心の商圏は、大規模高次財中心の商圏の中に包含され、重層的構成を示す。現在では、ヒンターランド（後背地）や市場圏も同じような意味で用いられている。

［沢田　清］

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