Commercial bookkeeping - Shogyouboki (English)

Japanese: 商業簿記 - しょうぎょうぼき(英語表記)commercial book-keeping
Commercial bookkeeping - Shogyouboki (English)

Bookkeeping for commercial purposes. Bookkeeping refers to the process of unifying the activities of a business management into monetary values ​​and organizing and recording them according to prescribed rules, but commercial bookkeeping refers to the method or research area of ​​bookkeeping applied to commercial businesses. Bookkeeping has been said to be divided into single-entry and double-entry, but in today's society where computers are widespread in all industries and classes, it can be said that single-entry bookkeeping, such as the Daifukucho method used in the Edo period and the cash ledger method (almost similar to a household account book) used in small stores, is almost never used for corporate bookkeeping. Therefore, commercial bookkeeping can be thought of as double-entry bookkeeping, which grasps and records an activity as a two-sided phenomenon.

The basis of commerce is the purchase of goods (procurement) and their sale (sales). In double-entry bookkeeping, the understanding of a two-sided phenomenon is based on the technical terms "debit" and "credit." The terms debit and credit are abbreviated as (debit) and (credit) in journal entries. If we take the example of a so-called credit transaction in which the purchase and sale of goods is postponed until a later date, it would look like this (the xx parts are filled in with amounts):

(1) Purchase of goods Debit Purchases XX Credit Accounts Payable XX
(2) Sales of goods Debit Accounts receivable XX Credit Sales XX
(1) is a transaction that combines the occurrence of expenses and an increase in liabilities. (2) is a transaction that increases assets and generates (realizes) revenue. Organizing all daily transactions in this way, like a diary, is called "journal entries," and the specific name for these entries is "account items." These records are posted to a "ledger" (general ledger) that sets all account items at a certain time. However, if a computer is used, this process is handled automatically by software. After that, trial balance sheets and settlement sheets are prepared to comprehensively grasp the financial position and business performance over a certain period, providing the basic data for "financial statements" as accounting reports. Completing the entire bookkeeping procedure for an accounting period is called settling the books, and bookkeeping is concluded with the settling procedures.

In commercial bookkeeping, auxiliary ledgers are often used to manage the details of main ledgers such as the purchase ledger, sales ledger, customer ledger, supplier ledger, and inventory ledger in order to more accurately organize and understand the status of merchandise sales and credit transactions.

Commercial bookkeeping is positioned as the basic bookkeeping method for developing business bookkeeping specific to other industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, banking, and the service industry. In the bookkeeping and accounting education system, the method of first learning commercial bookkeeping and then using this as the foundation for understanding other business bookkeeping as applications, advanced bookkeeping systems, and further developments in accounting is widespread.

[Tokai Mikio]

[Reference items] | Double entry bookkeeping | Bookkeeping

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

商業を対象とした簿記のこと。企業経営の活動を貨幣額による評価に統一して把握し、これらを所定のルールにのっとって整理・記録することを簿記というが、企業のうち商業を対象として適用する簿記の方法もしくは研究領域を商業簿記という。簿記には、単式簿記と複式簿記があるといわれてきたが、コンピュータがあらゆる業種や階層等に普及している現代社会では、江戸時代における大福帳方式や小規模商店において利用されることのあった現金出納帳(ほぼ家計簿に類似したもの)方式の単式簿記が、企業簿記に使われることはほとんどなくなったといってよい。したがって、商業簿記といえば、一つの活動事象を二面の現象において把握し記帳する複式簿記のそれを意味するものと考えてよい。

 商業の基本は商品の購入(仕入)とその販売(売上)である。複式簿記の基本である二面による現象の把握についてこれを「借方」と「貸方」という専門用語によって整理する。借方と貸方の用語は、仕訳において(借)、(貸)と略記される。商品の売買が現金授受を後日に延ばすいわゆる掛取引として例示すると、以下のようになる(××部分には金額が入る)。

(1)商品の購入
  (借)仕 入×× (貸)買掛金××
(2)商品の販売
  (借)売掛金×× (貸)売 上××
 (1)は費用の発生と負債の増加の組合せの取引である。(2)は資産の増加と収益の発生(実現)の取引である。このようにして日々のすべての取引を日記のようにして整理することを「仕訳」といい、具体的な名称を勘定科目という。これらの記録は、一定の時期にすべての勘定科目を設定した「元帳」(総勘定元帳)に転記される。ただし、コンピュータを使用している場合は、その作業はソフトウェアによって自動的に処理される。その後、一定期間での財政状態と経営成績を総括的に把握するために試算表や精算表が作成され、会計報告書としての「財務諸表」の基礎データを提供する。会計期間で簿記一巡の手続にくぎり目をつけることを決算といい、簿記は決算手続によって締めくくられる。

 商業簿記では、商品売買や掛の取引状態をより的確に整理・把握するために、仕入帳、売上帳、得意先元帳、仕入先元帳、商品有高帳などの主要簿の内訳管理をする補助帳簿が活用されることが多い。

 商業簿記は、製造業、農業、銀行、サービス業などの他の業種固有の企業簿記を展開するための基礎をなす簿記法として位置づけられている。簿記・会計に関する教育の体系においても、まず商業簿記を学び、これによって応用としてのその他の企業簿記、高度な簿記組織、ならびにさらに展開する会計学を理解する基礎知識とする方法が普及している。

[東海幹夫]

[参照項目] | 複式簿記 | 簿記

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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