Pineal gland

Japanese: 松果体 - しょうかたい
Pineal gland

It is a pouch-like protrusion that extends upward from the diencephalon operculum in vertebrates; its function and structure vary depending on the species of animal, and it is also called the epiphysis or pineal gland. The pineal gland in lower vertebrates is accompanied by an accessory pineal gland. In anuran amphibians, this complex extends forward and comes outside the skull to become the frontal organ. In reptiles such as lizards, it forms the parietal eye, which is equipped with a lens and retinal structure. In birds and mammals, the accessory pineal gland disappears and becomes a solid organ. Mammals also no longer have a pineal stalk.

In terms of function, the pineal gland of lower vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles has the ability to receive light, and cells similar to the photoreceptor cells in the retina can be seen. In birds and above, this light-receptive ability is lost and the gland becomes endocrine gland cells. The pineal cells of birds and mammals contain large amounts of serotonin and melatonin, and the amount of melatonin specific to the pineal gland is high at night and low during the day. Because of this circadian rhythm, the pineal gland is thought to be deeply related to the rhythms of living organisms.

[Masaru Wada]

Human pineal gland

It protrudes backward from the posterior upper wall of the third ventricle of the cerebral cortex, and is located in a depression surrounded by the pulvinar, superior colliculus, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Anatomically, it belongs to the epithalamus of the diencephalon. The pineal gland was once considered by Descartes to be the seat of the mind, and is considered to be a type of endocrine gland composed of several types of cells, but its function is unclear. It is a flattened pine nut-like body about 8 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. The stalk attached to the third ventricle divides into a dorsal plate and a ventral plate toward the third ventricle, the dorsal plate continuing to the habenula, and the ventral plate continuing to the posterior commissure. The pineal gland is covered by the pia mater, and blood vessels and nerve fibers enter the pineal tissue from this pia mater. The pineal gland develops well until about the age of 7, but histologically, it shows a tendency to regress during adolescence. In adults, calcifications accumulate in the parenchyma as spherical clots, and increase with age (this is called brain sand). These calcifications contain calcium salts and magnesium salts, and are clearly visible on X-rays, so they are used as a reference point for the skull in radiology. The pineal gland contains substances such as serotonin and melatonin, and melatonin is said to suppress the release of gonadotropic hormones and whiten the skin. It is also said that destruction of the pineal gland tissue leads to precocious sexual maturation (precocious puberty) and gonadal hypertrophy. Furthermore, it is said that the amounts of melatonin and serotonin in the human pineal gland, like other animals, show a diurnal rhythm in response to changes in light and dark.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Magnified view of the pineal gland and surrounding area
©Shogakukan ">

Magnified view of the pineal gland and surrounding area

Pineal gland in animals
©Shogakukan ">

Pineal gland in animals


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脊椎(せきつい)動物の間脳上蓋(じょうがい)から上方に伸びる袋状の突起で、動物の種類によって機能と構造に違いがあり、上生体(じょうせいたい)、松果腺(せん)などの語も使われる。下等脊椎動物の松果体は副松果体を伴う。この複合体は、無尾両生類では前方に伸び、頭骨の外に出て前頭器官となる。またトカゲなどの爬虫(はちゅう)類ではレンズと網膜構造を備えた顱頂眼(ろちょうがん)(頭頂眼)を形成する。鳥類、哺乳(ほにゅう)類では副松果体はなくなり、中実の器官となる。哺乳類ではさらに松果体柄(へい)もなくなる。

 機能としては、両生類、爬虫類など下等脊椎動物の松果体には光受容能があり、網膜にある光受容細胞と似た細胞が認められる。鳥類以上になるとこうした光受容能は失われ、内分泌腺細胞となる。鳥類や哺乳類の松果体細胞にはセロトニンとメラトニンの含量が多く、松果体に特有なメラトニン量は、夜間に多く昼間に少ない。このような日周性リズムがあるため、松果体は生物のリズムに深い関係があると考えられている。

[和田 勝]

ヒトの松果体

大脳の第三脳室の後上端壁から後方に突出し、視床枕(ちん)、上丘、脳梁(のうりょう)膨大に囲まれた陥凹部に位置している。解剖学的には間脳の視床上部に属している。松果体は、昔、デカルトが精神の座と考えた部分で、数種の細胞から構成される内分泌腺の一種とされているが、その働きは明確でない。形は扁平(へんぺい)な松の実状で長さ8ミリメートル、径5ミリメートルほどの小体である。第三脳室に付着する柄の部分は、第三脳室に向かって背側板と腹側板に分かれ、背側板は手綱(たづな)交連に、腹側板は後交連に続く。松果体は脳軟膜に覆われているが、この軟膜から血管と神経線維が松果体組織内に入り込む。松果体は7歳くらいまではよく発育しているが、青年期になると組織学的には退行傾向を示す。成人では石灰化物が球状の凝固塊として実質中にたまり、年齢とともに増加する(これを脳砂という)。この石灰化物は石灰塩類とマグネシウム塩類を含み、X線を用いると明瞭(めいりょう)に見えるため、放射線医学では頭蓋(とうがい)の基準点として利用される。松果体にはセロトニン、メラトニンなどの物質が含まれているが、メラトニンは性腺刺激ホルモン放出を抑制し、皮膚の色を白くするという。また、松果体の組織が破壊されると性的早熟(早発性思春期)と性腺肥大が現れるという。さらにヒトの松果体のメラトニンとセロトニンの量は、他の動物と同様に明暗の変化に伴って日周リズムを示すといわれる。

[嶋井和世]

松果体の部位と周辺の拡大図
©Shogakukan">

松果体の部位と周辺の拡大図

動物の松果体
©Shogakukan">

動物の松果体


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