Punjab - Panjab (English spelling)

Japanese: パンジャーブ - ぱんじゃーぶ（英語表記）Punjab

The name of the region in the middle reaches of the Indus River system in northern India and north-central Pakistan. The five tributaries of the Indus River, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej, flow through the region, making it known as the Five Rivers Region. The region is a vast alluvial plain that slopes gently from the foothills of the Himalayas. Near the foothills, the region receives nearly 1,000 mm of annual precipitation, but most of the region is semi-arid to arid, with precipitation of less than 600 mm. For this reason, overflow irrigation using meltwater from spring snow and the floodwaters of the summer monsoon has been practiced since ancient times. It was not until the Upper Bali Doab Canal, which draws water from the Ravi River, was built in 1859 that permanent irrigation became possible with modern irrigation canals. From then until the early 20th century, large-scale irrigation systems were built to fully utilize the water of the five rivers, making the region one of India's leading agricultural regions. When India and Pakistan separated in 1947, the Punjab region was divided between the two countries, and states of the same name were established in both countries. However, this division was drawn without regard for the irrigation system, which led to water disputes between the two countries, which continued until the conclusion of the Water Agreement in 1960. After the agreement was concluded, India, which obtained the water of the three eastern rivers of Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej, constructed a large irrigation canal that reached Haryana and Rajasthan, while Pakistan is also promoting large-scale utilization of the main stream of the Indus River, which it had not previously used. Based on the development of these irrigation systems, the two Punjab states have advanced the "Green Revolution," and each has become the most important grain-producing region of both India and Pakistan. As agriculture has developed, industries have been established for the collection and distribution of agricultural products and their processing, as well as chemical fertilizers and machinery, and many rural-centered cities have developed.

[Kenzo Fujiwara]

history

The name of the place comes from the Persian word panj-āb, which means the five major tributaries of the eastern Indus River and their basins, and historically it often refers to the area from the main Indus River to the Yamuna River. It is the northern center of the Indus civilization, and is home to the ruins of Harappa. Around 1500 BC, Aryans migrated from the northwest and created the Rig Veda, the oldest holy book of Hinduism. From the 6th to 4th centuries BC, it was a vassal of the Iranian Achaemenid Empire, and Buddhism spread under the Mauryan Empire in the 4th to 3rd centuries BC. From the 3rd to 1st centuries BC, it was ruled by Greek Bactria, Iranian Saka, and Parthia, and from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, the Kushan Empire formed a great empire that extended to Central Asia, based in the neighboring Gandhara region, and gave birth to the Gandhara culture, including Hellenistic Buddhist art, based on long-distance trade along the Silk Road (Taxila ruins in the north). In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Buddhism declined under the rule of the Iranian Sassanid Empire, and in the 4th and 7th centuries under the rule of the Gupta, Ghitar, Huns, and Shahi dynasties. The southern part of the country was conquered by the Arab Sindh government in the early 8th century, and the entire region was conquered by the Ghaznavid Empire of Afghanistan in the early 11th century. From then until the mid-18th century, Muslim dynasties ruled the region, and Islamization progressed in the west, with Lahore developing as a political and cultural center. Sikhism was established near the city at the end of the 15th century, and a Sikh government was established in 1765, but it was defeated in the war against Britain from 1845 to 1849 and became a state of the British colony. With the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the eastern part, with a large Hindu and Sikh population, was divided into Indian territory, and the western part, with a large Muslim population, into Pakistan. In 1966, the former was reorganized into the Punjabi-speaking state of Punjab and the Hindi-speaking state of Haryana.

[Tsuneo Hamaguchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インド北部およびパキスタン中北部のインダス水系中流域の地方名。インダス川の五つの支流、ジェラム、チェナブ、ラービ、ビアス、サトレジの各川が流れ、五河地方と称される。ヒマラヤ山地の山麓(さんろく)から緩傾斜する広大な沖積平野で、山麓近くでは1000ミリ近い年降水量があるが、大部分は600ミリ以下の半乾燥～乾燥地帯である。そのため、古くから春の融雪水や夏のモンスーンの増水を利用した溢流灌漑(いつりゅうかんがい)が行われていた。近代的灌漑用水路によって恒常灌漑が可能になったのは、1859年にラービ川から取水した上部バリ・ドアブ用水路がつくられてからで、それ以降20世紀初期にかけて五河の水を余すところなく利用する大規模な灌漑組織が建設され、インド有数の農業地帯となった。1947年のインドとパキスタンの分離独立の際、パンジャーブ地方は両国に分割され、同名の州が両国に置かれることになった。しかしこの分割は灌漑組織を無視して線引きされたため、両国間に水争いが生じ、1960年の水利協定成立まで続いた。協定成立後、ラービ、ビアス、サトレジの東部三川の水を得たインドは、ハリアナ州とラージャスターン州に達する大用水路を建設、一方パキスタンも従来利用していなかったインダス川本流の活用を大規模に進めている。こうした灌漑組織の整備を土台に、二つのパンジャーブ州では「緑の革命」を進展させ、それぞれインド・パキスタン両国のもっとも重要な穀倉地帯となっている。農業の発展に伴い、農産物の集散とその加工、さらに化学肥料、機械などの工業が立地し、農村中心の都市が数多く発達している。

［藤原健蔵］

歴史

地名の語源はペルシア語の「五つの川」panj-āb、つまりインダス川東部の五大支流とその流域のことで、歴史的にはインダス川本流からヤムナー川までの地域をさすことが多い。インダス文明の北部中心地で、ハラッパー遺跡がある。紀元前1500年ごろ北西方からアーリア人が移住し、ヒンドゥー教最古の聖典『リグ・ベーダ』を成立させた。前6～前4世紀にイランのアケメネス朝の属領であり、前4～前3世紀のマウリヤ朝下に仏教が広まった。前3～前1世紀にギリシア系バクトリア、イラン系サカ、パルティアの支配、後1～3世紀にクシャン朝が隣接のガンダーラ地方を本拠に中央アジアに及ぶ大帝国を形成し、シルク・ロードの遠隔地貿易を基礎にしてヘレニズム様式の仏教美術などガンダーラ文化を生んだ（北部にタキシラ遺跡）。3～4世紀にイランのササン朝の属領、4～7世紀にグプタ朝、ギターラ朝、フン人、シャーヒー朝の支配で仏教は衰退した。8世紀初めに南部をシンドのアラブ政権が、11世紀初めに全域をアフガニスタンのガズナ朝が征服、以来18世紀なかばまでムスリム（イスラム教徒）諸王朝が支配し、西部でイスラム化が進行、ラホールが政治・文化の中心地として発達した。この都市の近くで15世紀末ごろにシク教が成立、1765年にシク政権が樹立されたが、1845～49年の対イギリス戦争に敗れ、イギリス植民地の一州となった。1947年のインド・パキスタンの分離独立で、ヒンドゥー、シクの多い東部がインド領、ムスリムの多い西部がパキスタン領に分割され、前者は66年にパンジャーブ語のパンジャーブ州、ヒンディー語のハリアナ州に再編された。

［浜口恒夫］

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