Manor Reorganization Order

Japanese: 荘園整理令 - しょうえんせいりれい

A series of laws issued in the Heian period to curb the expansion of manors. There are those that apply to the whole country and those that are issued on a provincial level. Manor consolidation orders issued nationwide include those issued in Engi 2 (902), Eikan 2 (984), Eien 1 (987), Chokyu 1 (1040), Kantoku 2 (45), Tenki 2 (54), Enkyu 1 (69), Joho 2 (75), Joryaku 2 (78), Kowa 1 (99), Taiji 2 (1127), and Hogen 1 (56). Of the nine official documents issued in March of the second year of Engi, four were aimed at suspending the "manors of the Imperial Court and Imperial retainers." These are known as the Engi Manor Consolidation Orders, and are the first of the consolidation orders. The main purpose of this consolidation order was to deal with the trend of farmers (the wealthy) in various provinces donating or selling their estates to the royal families in order to avoid taxes, and to sever the bond between farmers and the royal families. This consolidation order was the standard for consolidation of manors until the issuance of the Kantoku Manor Consolidation Order. However, the Kantoku Manor Consolidation Order significantly lowered the standard for consolidation, such as suspending the establishment of new manors established during the term of the previous kokushi. This consolidation order is thought to have been issued in connection with a series of national reforms in the 1040s, such as the official recognition of the alternate name system and the reorganization of the Gungo system. In response to this, the Enkyu Manor Consolidation Order and the establishment of the Recording Manor Certificate Office (→ Record Office) set the standard for consolidation of manors during the Insei period. The Enkyu Shoen Reorganization Order was part of a series of national reforms symbolized by the enactment of the Senjimasu (decree of imperial order) by Emperor Gosanjo. The criteria for review were (1) whether there was solid evidence of establishment before the Kantoku era, and (2) whether it would hinder national affairs. In the review, the location of the manor, the lord, the total number of fields, etc. were investigated, dealing a blow to the powerful families. However, the reorganization order always recognized or abolished manors based on certain criteria, and the criteria were gradually lowered, so it ultimately played a role that could be called a manor official recognition order that ratified the expansion of manors. Eventually, during the Toba Insei period, the reorganization of manors was abandoned, and new manors were established and expanded nationwide. The Hogen Shoen Reorganization Order was the last reorganization order of the Heian period, and its emphasis was on the control of jinin (shrine priests) and yoryuudo (religious people). Even after the Kamakura period, reorganization orders were issued, but they were merely formalities and were done with auspicious intent.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

平安時代，荘園の増大を抑止するために出された一連の法令。整理令には，全国を対象としたものと，国単位に出されたものとがある。全国を対象とした整理令としては，延喜2 (902) ，永観2 (984) ，永延1 (987) ，長久1 (1040) ，寛徳2 (45) ，天喜2 (54) ，延久1 (69) ，承保2 (75) ，承暦2 (78) ，康和1 (99) ，大治2 (1127) ，保元1 (56) 年などの荘園整理令があげられる。延喜2年3月に出された9通の官符のうち4通が「院宮王臣家の庄」を停止することを目的としたもので，この部分が延喜荘園整理令と称され，整理令の最初のものである。この整理令の眼目は，諸国の農民 (富豪層) が課役を逃れる目的で，寄進，売却と称して王臣家の庄とする動向に対処し，農民と王臣家の結合を切断することであった。この整理令は，寛徳荘園整理令が出るまでの荘園整理の基準とされた。ところが，寛徳荘園整理令になると，前任国司の在任中以後に立てられた新立荘園の停止というように，整理の基準線が大幅に引下げられるにいたった。この整理令は，1040年代の別名制の公認・郡郷制の改編といった一連の国政上の改革と関連して出されたと考えられている。これを受けて，院政期の荘園整理令の基準を打出したのが，延久荘園整理令と記録荘園券契所 (→記録所 ) の設置である。延久荘園整理令は，後三条天皇の宣旨枡 (せんじます) の制定などに象徴される一連の国政改革の一環であり，審査の基準は，(1) 寛徳以前の成立の確かな証拠の有無，(2) 国務の妨げになるか否かの2点であり，審査にあたって，荘園の所在地，領主，田畠惣数などの調査を行なって，権門勢家領に打撃を与えた。しかし，整理令は常に一定の基準に基づき公認あるいは停廃するものであり，しかも，その基準が引下げられていったから，結果的には，荘園の増大を追認する荘園公認令ともいうべき役割を果したのである。やがて鳥羽院政期になると，荘園整理が放棄され，全国的に荘園の新立，拡大が行われるにいたった。保元荘園整理令は平安時代最後の整理令であるが，神人 (じにん) ・寄人 (よりゅうど) の統制に力点がおかれている。以後，鎌倉時代に入っても，整理令が出されているが，形式的，吉書的なものであった。

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