Buffer solution - Kanshoeki

Japanese: 緩衝液 - カンショウエキ
Buffer solution - Kanshoeki

A solution that has the property of mitigating the effects of external actions is generally called a buffer solution or buffered solution. [ I ] Usually refers to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, and refers to a solution that has the ability to maintain a nearly constant hydrogen ion concentration regardless of the addition or loss of a certain amount of acid or base. It is used when it is necessary to keep the pH of a solution constant, and is also used as a comparison standard solution when measuring pH with a glass electrode. Generally, a buffer solution is a mixed solution of a weak acid and its salt, or a weak base and its salt. If we consider a mixed solution of the weak acid HA and its salt BA, HA is,

HA H + + A - (1)

However, the degree of dissociation is small. On the other hand, BA dissociates completely (BA → B ++ + A- ), so the concentration of A- in the mixed solution is determined by the concentration of the BA salt. When H + is added to this solution from outside, the reaction in equation (1) proceeds from right to left, and most of the added H + becomes HA, so the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution changes very little. When OH- is added, the H + in the solution is neutralized and removed, but the reaction in equation (1) proceeds from left to right, and H + is produced again, so in this case too, the hydrogen ion concentration changes very little. This type of action is called a buffering action, and a solution that has a buffering action is a buffer solution. A buffer solution was first created in 1909 by SPL Sφrensen using a mixture of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide with glycine, phosphoric acid, citric acid, boric acid, etc. and their salts. In addition to selenium buffer, Clark-Lapps buffer (pH 1.0-10.0), Kolthoff buffer (pH 2.0-12.0), Michaelis buffer (pH 1.4-11.0), McIlvaine buffer (pH 2.2-8.0), Menzel buffer (pH 8.4-11.4), Walpole buffer (pH 0.65-5.6), Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 1.8-12.0), etc. There are five types of buffer solutions for comparison in pH measurements: oxalate standard solution (pH 1.68, 25 °C), phthalate standard solution (pH 4.01, 25 °C), phosphate standard solution (pH 6.86, 25 °C), borate standard solution (pH 9.18, 25 °C), and carbonate standard solution (pH 10.02, 25 °C). [ II ] When a solution contains both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent that are in a conjugated relationship with each other, the equilibrium potential of the solution changes very little even if a certain amount of another oxidizing agent or reducing agent is added to the solution. Such solutions are called potential buffers, and were named by N.H. Furman in 1948. By using a potential buffer, the redox potential of the solution can be kept constant, and when performing constant-current electrolysis (considering the case of reduction), the potential of the indicator electrode can be kept constant, thereby preventing the deposition of substances with a negative deposition potential. [ III ] In a solution containing a metal ion Mn + and a ligand Lb- that coordinates with Mn + to form a stable water-soluble complex ML ( n - b )+ ,

M n + + L b - ML ( n - b ) + (2)

The following equilibrium is established. In this case, if the concentrations of L b - and ML ( n - b )+ are very large compared to the concentration of M n + , then even if a certain amount of M n + is added to or removed from the solution, the equilibrium in equation (2) will proceed from left to right or right to left, respectively, and the concentration of free metal ions in the solution will hardly change. A solution that has the effect of keeping the metal ion concentration almost constant, even if some metal ions enter or leave the solution, is called a metal ion buffer. EDTA and similar compounds are widely used as ligands. The use of such buffers can be used to adjust the pM in the reaction system to suppress side reactions, and can also be used to elucidate reaction mechanisms.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

外からの作用に対して,その影響を和らげようとする性質をもつ溶液を,一般に緩衝液あるいは緩衝溶液という.【】通常は,溶液の水素イオン濃度に対していい,ある程度の酸または塩基の添加や消失にかかわらず,ほぼ一定の水素イオン濃度を維持する作用をもつ溶液をいう.溶液の pH を一定に保つ必要がある場合に使用され,またガラス電極によるpH測定のとき,比較標準溶液として用いられる.一般に,緩衝液は弱酸とその塩,または弱塩基とその塩との混合溶液である.弱酸HAとその塩BAの混合溶液について考えれば,HAは,

     HA H + A(1) 

のように解離するが,その程度はわずかである.一方,BAは完全に解離する(BA → B + A)ので,混合溶液中の A の濃度は塩BAの濃度によって定められる.この溶液に外から H が加えられると,式(1)の反応は右から左へ進み,加えられた H の大部分はHAとなるので,溶液の水素イオン濃度はほとんど変化しない.また,OH が加えられたときには,溶液中の H は中和されて除かれるが,式(1)の反応が左から右へ進み,ふたたび H を生成するので,この場合も水素イオン濃度はほとんど変化しない.このような作用を緩衝作用といい,緩衝作用をもつ溶液が緩衝液である.緩衝液は,1909年,S.P.L. Sφrensen(セレンセン)が塩酸あるいは水酸化ナトリウムとグリシン,リン酸,クエン酸,ホウ酸などとその塩の混合物を用いてはじめてつくった.緩衝液には,このセレンセン緩衝液のほか,クラーク-ラプス緩衝液(pH 1.0~10.0),コルトフ緩衝液(pH 2.0~12.0),ミハエリス緩衝液(pH 1.4~11.0),マッキルベン緩衝液(pH 2.2~8.0),メンツェル緩衝液(pH 8.4~11.4),ワルポール緩衝液(pH 0.65~5.6),ブリトン-ロビンソン緩衝液(pH 1.8~12.0)などが用いられる.また pH 測定の比較標準緩衝液としては,シュウ酸塩標準液(pH 1.68,25 ℃),フタル酸塩標準液(pH 4.01,25 ℃),リン酸塩標準液(pH 6.86,25 ℃),ホウ酸塩標準液(pH 9.18,25 ℃),および炭酸塩標準液(pH 10.02,25 ℃)の5種類がある.【】互いに共役関係にある酸化剤と還元剤の両者を含む溶液は,この溶液にほかの酸化剤あるいは還元剤をある程度の量を加えても,溶液の示す平衡電位はほとんど変化しない.このような溶液は電位緩衝液とよばれる.1948年,N.H. Furmanによって名づけれらた.電位緩衝液を用いれば,その溶液の示す酸化還元電位を一定値に保つことができ,定電流電解(還元の場合を考える)を行う場合には,指示電極の電位を一定に保ち,これより陰の析出電位をもつ物質の析出を防ぐことができる.【】金属イオン Mn と,Mn に配位して水溶性の安定な錯体 ML(nb)+ をつくる配位子 Lb を含む溶液においては,

     Mn + Lb ML(nb)+(2) 

の平衡が成立する.この場合,Mn の濃度に比べて Lb および ML(nb)+ の濃度が非常に大きいとすれば,この溶液に Mn をある程度加えても,また取り除いても,式(2)の平衡がそれぞれ左から右へ,あるいは右から左へ進んで,溶液中の遊離の金属イオン濃度はほとんど変化しない.このように,溶液から多少の金属イオンの出入があっても,金属イオン濃度をほとんど一定に保つ作用をもつ溶液を,金属イオン緩衝液という.配位子としてはEDTAおよびその類似化合物が広く用いられる.このような緩衝液を用いることにより,反応系中のpMを調節して副反応をおさえたり,また反応機構の解明に用いられる.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

<<:  Cyclic ether - cyclic ether

>>:  Interstitial fluid

Recommend

Shadow Beast

…While he was a student, he became interested in ...

Portuguese man‐of‐war

A coelenterate of the family Portunidae in the ord...

Apothecary (English spelling)

Pharmacy. Drugstore. Source: About Shogakukan Digi...

Sen'yasetsu - Sen'yasetsu

One of the three major cosmological theories of a...

Streptopus amplexifolius (English spelling)

…[Tetsuichi Yahara]. … *Some of the terminology t...

Ordo - Ordo (English spelling) ordu

The account book of a Turk-Mongolian nomadic monar...

Higashidori [village] - Higashidori

A village in Shimokita District, occupying the nor...

Kanpuzan (Kochi)

...Population: 930 (1995). Located in the headwat...

Morrison, Toni

Born: February 18, 1931 in Lorraine, Ohio [Died] A...

Jean de France, duc de Berry (English spelling)

…In the early 12th century, the city was incorpor...

Blood clot - blood clot

…The clots formed by blood clotting in this way a...

scandium

Sc. Atomic number 21. Group 3 metal element in th...

Public - Kou

[1] (noun) ① not being biased. not being partial ....

Kashiorigen

…Shibukawa Shunkai, the son of the first Santetsu...

Leptoptilos javanicus (English name) Leptoptilos javanicus

… [Hiroyuki Morioka]. … *Some of the terminology ...