Metallography

Japanese: 金属組織学 - きんぞくそしきがく(英語表記)metallography
Metallography
A field of study that studies the internal structure of metals, mainly from the standpoint of phase equilibrium theory, solid state dynamics, and solid state physics. In general, the properties of materials depend heavily on their internal structure, and even the same alloy often has completely different physical properties if the structure is different. Therefore, internal structure control is considered a very important issue in materials science. Regarding metal structure, R. Hooke's observational record "Micrographia" (1665) was recorded as an ancient work, but it was not until the 1880s, when Sorby's analysis of the structure of steel using a metallurgical microscope was recognized, that it was established as a field of study. At that time, the phase rule was discovered, and research methods such as microscopes and thermal analysis had advanced, and the problem of alloy phases became the mainstream of metal research. In Japan, this was called metallography. Since the 1930s, with the use of diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, and neutron beams and the development of electron microscopes, the scope of research has expanded to physical aspects such as analysis of crystal structure, mechanisms of phase transitions, and crystal plasticity, and the name metallography has come to be used more and more. Currently, research into the physical properties of metals has become increasingly important due to developments in theories of metal transformations and metal electrons, and with advances in computers, there have been vigorous attempts in the field of computational materials science to theoretically predict phase stability and the process of microstructural formation.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
金属の内部組織を,おもに相平衡論,固体動力学,固体物理学の立場から研究する学問分野。一般に材料の性質はその内部組織に大きく依存し,たとえ同じ合金であっても組織が異なればその物性はまったく異なる場合が多い。したがって,内部組織制御は材料学において非常に重要な課題とされている。金属の組織については,古くは R.フックの観察記録"Micrographia" (1665) があるが,一つの学問分野として成立したのは,ソルビーが金属顕微鏡を用いて鉄鋼の組織を解析した結果が認められた 1880年代以降である。当時,相律が発見され,顕微鏡や熱分析などの研究方法も進歩して,合金の相の問題が金属研究の主流となっていた。日本ではこれを金相学と呼んだ。 1930年代以後,X線・電子線・中性子線の回折の利用や電子顕微鏡などの発達により,研究は結晶構造の解析,相転移の機構,結晶塑性など,物理学的な面にまで範囲が拡大され,金属組織学の名称が多く使われるようになった。現在では,金属転位論,金属電子論などの発展による金属物性の研究が大きい比重を占めてきて,さらにコンピュータの進歩に伴い,理論的に相安定性また組織形成過程を予測する試みが計算材料科学の分野において精力的になされている。

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