...The use of a kind of chance in music has existed since ancient times in both the East and the West, as seen in improvisation in folk music and cadenzas in Western classical music. In 1951, American composer John Cage composed the piano piece Music of Changes using the Chinese method of I Ching, and since then musical activities using chance have become active in the field of contemporary music in the West. Composers in the Cage school, including C. Wolf, M. Feldman, and E. Brown, were greatly influenced by the music of Satie, Dada, Surrealism, Zen, and I Ching, and developed musical activities that emphasized living musical acts called ``indeterminacy,'' ``happenings,'' and ``events.'' ... From [Cage]...Sonatas and Interludes (1946-48) are representative. From the late 1940s onwards, he gradually came to find the significance of music in listening to sound and silence as themselves, and in order to separate sound, he wrote Music of Changes (1951) and other works using a method of chance operations inspired by the I Ching, which arranges sounds by chance. The silent piece 4'33" (1952) was also born from this idea, and Cage's work during this period contains the prototypes of his later happenings. ... *Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "The Music of the I Ching" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…音楽に一種の偶然性を利用することは,民族音楽における即興演奏や西洋古典派音楽のカデンツァに見られるように,東西を問わずに古くから存在していた。アメリカの作曲家ケージは,1951年,中国の易の方法を用いてピアノ曲《変化の音楽Music of Changes》(《易の音楽》)を作曲し,以後,欧米の現代音楽の分野で偶然性を利用する音楽活動が活発に行われるようになった。C.ウォルフ,M.フェルドマン,E.ブラウンらのケージ一派の作曲家は,サティの音楽,ダダ,シュルレアリスム,禅,易学などから多くの影響を受けながら,〈インデターミナンシー(不確定性)〉〈ハプニング〉〈イベント〉などと称される生きた音楽行為を重視する音楽活動を展開した。… 【ケージ】より…《ソナタとインタールード》(1946‐48)が代表的である。40年代末よりしだいに音響と沈黙をそれ自体として聴くことに音楽の意義を見いだし,音響を独立させるために,偶然的に音響を並べる易(えき)にヒントを得た〈チャンス・オペレーションズ〉の方法を用いて《易の音楽Music of Changes》(1951)等を書く。沈黙の曲《4分33秒》(1952)もこの考え方から生まれたが,この期のケージの活動には,後のハプニング等の原型が含まれている。… ※「《易の音楽》」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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