Szlachta (English spelling)

Japanese: シュラフタ（英語表記）szlachta

The nobility of Poland. Translated as "shizoku". Its origins lie in the vassal class established in the 10th and 11th centuries, which developed into the knight class by the 12th century, and established its status as a privileged knight class through the charters of successive kings in the 14th and 15th centuries. During the period of elective monarchy in the 16th to 18th centuries, it was the ruling class that influenced national politics. Its privileged status was finally abolished by the 1921 constitution. Based on the personal status protection in their own territories, they were able to exercise a wide range of social and economic privileges, and advanced into both the secular and religious worlds. With the two major privileges they acquired, liberum wet (free veto) and the right to form federations, they exercised legislative power in the parliament (Sejm) and the right to elect the king, overwhelming the clergy, peasants, and citizen classes. As a result of class differentiation, the power of the Potocki and Czartryski families, which grew to become magnates (great landlords), surpassed that of the monarchy, and their oligarchy fostered anarchy in the 18th century, which was a prerequisite for the period of partition. In the process, the country split into various classes, large and small, including directly managed farm owners, self-employed farmers, and propertyless people, but they played a major role and played a leading role in modern and contemporary Polish history. Although it is difficult to generalize, until the 19th century, surnames ending in ...ski, ...tki, ...wick, etc. were generally derived from szlachta from Poland (including Lithuania (Litwa)).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ポーランドの貴族階級。士族と訳される。その起源は 10～11世紀に成立した従士層にあり，12世紀までに騎士層に発展し，14～15世紀を通じて歴代国王の特許状によって特権的な騎士階級としての地位を確立。 16～18世紀の選挙王制時代には国政を左右する支配階級であった。その特権的な地位が最終的に消滅したのは，1921年の憲法による。自領での個人的な身分保障に基づき，広範な社会，経済上の特権を行使できた彼らは，聖俗両界に進出。獲得した二大特権リベルム・ウェト (自由拒否権) と連盟結成権で議会 (セイム ) での立法権，国王選出権を行使し，聖職者，農民，市民の諸階級を圧倒した。なかでも階層分化の結果，マグナート (大領主) に成長したポトツキ家，チャルトルイスキ家などの権勢は王権をしのぎ，その寡頭政治は分割時代の前提条件となる無政府状態を 18世紀に醸成。この過程で直営農場経営者，自営農，無産化した大小の諸階層に分裂したが，近代，現代ポーランド史のなかで演じたその役割と指導性は大きい。一概にはいえないが，19世紀までは…スキ，…ツキ，…ウィチなどで終る姓名は，おおむねポーランド (リトアニア〈リトワ〉をも含む) 出身のシュラフタに由来した。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

<<: Shuramono - Shuramono

>>: Schlafsack - Schlafsack (English spelling) German