Shudra - Shudra (English spelling) Śūdra

Japanese: シュードラ - しゅーどら(英語表記)Śūdra
Shudra - Shudra (English spelling) Śūdra

One of the four social classes (varnas) that existed in ancient India, a class of people who served the top three varnas.

4 In the Varna theory, Shudras were distinguished from reborn castes as those who lived for life, that is, those who did not need to be born again by undergoing the Upanayana ceremony (initiation ceremony) to begin learning. In classical legal codes, there are severe discriminatory rules, such as pouring molten lead into the ears of Shudras who heard the chanting of the Vedas. However, it is not entirely clear whether the Shudra discrimination was actually carried out as prescribed. In the medieval caste system, all direct producer castes, such as farmers and craftsmen, except for untouchables, were considered to belong to Shudra. In the households of these Shudra castes, Brahmins served as household priests (Upadhyas) and performed ceremonies such as weddings, which was quite different from the classical rules.

[Otani Hiroyuki]

[References] | Caste | Brahmin | Varna | Untouchable | Veda

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代インドにおいて成立した四つの社会階層(バルナ)の一つで、上位3バルナに奉仕する者の階層。

 4バルナ社会理論においては、シュードラは一生族、すなわち、学問を始めるためのウパナヤナの儀式(入門式)を受けることによって二度目の誕生をもつ必要のない者として、再生族から区別された。古典の法典類には、ベーダVedaの詠唱を聞いたシュードラの耳には溶かした鉛を注ぐとされるなど、厳しい差別的な規定がみられる。しかし、実際に規定どおりのシュードラ差別が行われていたのかという点については、かならずしも明確ではない。中世カースト制度においては、農民や手工業者など、不可触民以外のすべての直接生産者カーストがシュードラに属するとされた。これらのシュードラの諸カーストの家庭において、バラモンが家庭司祭(ウパーディヤー)として、結婚式などの祭式を行っていたのであるから、古典の規定とは大きく異なっていたのである。

[小谷汪之]

[参照項目] | カースト | バラモン | バルナ | 不可触民 | ベーダ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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