Continental shelf - tairikudana (English spelling) continental shelf

Japanese: 大陸棚 - たいりくだな(英語表記)continental shelf
Continental shelf - tairikudana (English spelling) continental shelf

The area from the low tide line on the coast to where the depth increases suddenly offshore. The slope is very gentle, averaging only 0° 7 minutes. The depth where the depth increases sharply (the outer continental shelf) varies from 30 meters to 600 meters, and the width of the continental shelf varies from almost nothing to as much as 1,400 kilometers. On average, the continental shelf is 72 kilometers wide, and the outer edge is 140 meters deep. The seabed is very flat, with few irregularities exceeding 20 meters in height, although submarine canyons and troughs can sometimes be seen.

The generally accepted theory about the formation of the continental shelf is that ice ages are related to it. It is most commonly believed that during the most recent ice age, the Würm glacial period (about 20,000 years ago), seawater turned into snow and ice and remained on the continent, causing sea levels to drop, and in the process, wave erosion created a flat surface, which was then submerged again by rising sea levels to become the continental shelf. If we calculate the drop in sea level based on the estimated extent and thickness of the glaciers at the peak of the Würm glacial period, it would have been 100 to 150 meters lower than today, which matches the average depth of the outer edge of the continental shelf.

In some cases, it is thought that when sea levels dropped during the ice age, alluvial plains that developed at the mouths of rivers were submerged by rising sea levels and became continental shelves. In other cases, it is thought that continental glaciers that were pushed out to sea during the ice age eroded the seabed, creating a flat surface, and that the continental shelves became the continental shelves after the glaciers melted.

The continental shelf has been used as a good fishing ground for bottom trawling and coastal fishing, but recently it has been used for aquaculture, and its value has been increasing. It is also used as a place for undersea resources such as offshore oil fields and undersea coal mines, and as a marine space for the creation of offshore airports and coastal industrial zones through land reclamation. Many countries have declared their exclusive ownership of the continental shelf in an attempt to place it under their own interests. However, as the definitions vary and confusion has arisen, a unification is being attempted at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. The continental shelf is defined as either 60 nautical miles outward from the base point where the gradient of the foot of the continental slope changes, or up to the point where the thickness of the sedimentary layer decreases to 1% of the distance from the base point. However, it is defined as a minimum of 200 nautical miles from the coast and a maximum of 350 nautical miles or within 100 nautical miles outside a depth of 2,500 meters.

[Tadashi Yasui]

[Reference] | Subsea | Marine development

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

海岸の低潮線から沖合いに向け深さが急に増大する所までの地域。非常に傾斜が緩やかで、傾斜角は平均でわずかに0度7分にすぎない。深さの傾斜が急増する所(大陸棚外縁)の深さは、場所によって30メートルから600メートルぐらいまであり、大陸棚の幅も、ほとんどないに等しいものから1400キロメートルにも及ぶ所まである。平均すると大陸棚の幅は72キロメートル、外縁の水深は140メートルとされている。海底は非常に平坦(へいたん)で、比高20メートルを超える凹凸はほとんどないが、ときには海底谷や海底凹谷などが刻まれていることもある。

 大陸棚の成因については、氷河期が関係していることが定説となっている。もっとも一般的には、いちばん最近の氷河期、ビュルム氷期(約2万年前)のおり、海水は雪氷となって大陸上に滞留したため海面が低下し、その過程で波食により平坦面ができ、ふたたび海面の上昇により水没して大陸棚になったと考えられている。ビュルム氷期最盛期の氷河の広がりや厚さの推定を基にして、海面の低下を計算すると、現在より100~150メートル低かったことになり、大陸棚外縁の平均の深さと一致する。

 氷期の海面低下時に、河口部に発達した沖積平野が、海面の上昇により水没して大陸棚になったと考えられる場合や、氷河期に海に押し出された大陸氷河が海底を氷食して平坦面をつくり、氷河が溶けたあとに大陸棚となったと考えられる場合もある。

 大陸棚は、これまでも底引漁業や沿岸漁業の好漁場として利用されてきたが、最近ではさらに養殖漁業の場として活用される一方、海底油田や海底炭鉱などの海底資源の場、海上空港や埋立てによる臨海工業地帯の造成など海洋空間としての利用など、ますます価値が高まってきた。この大陸棚を自国の権益のもとに置こうとして、大陸棚の専有を宣言する国も相次いだ。しかし、その定義がまちまちで混乱がおこっているため、国連海洋法会議において統一が図られつつある。大陸斜面脚部の勾配(こうばい)変化の最大の所を基点とし、外側に60海里まで、または堆積(たいせき)層の厚みが基点からの距離の1%に減少する所までのいずれかとされている。ただし最小でも海岸から200海里まで、最大でも350海里または水深2500メートルの外側100海里以内とされている。

[安井 正]

[参照項目] | 海底 | 海洋開発

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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