It is a form of governance (government) in which the head of administrative power (chief executive) directly elected by the people is positioned as a national representative body parallel to the assembly organized by popularly elected members, and the chief executive is given a status and authority independent of the assembly. A chief executive system divides the exercise of power between the assembly and the chief executive, and aims to ensure fair political and administrative management through mutual checks and balances. It is also called a chief executiveism or presidential system, and is a form of governance that contrasts with a parliamentary cabinet system in which the chief executive is elected by the assembly, with the assembly's confidence as a prerequisite. The American presidential system is a typical example of a chief executive system. In Japan, the national government has adopted a parliamentary cabinet system, while local governments have adopted a chief executive system (Article 93, Clause 2 of the Constitution). However, local assemblies can pass a vote of no confidence in the chief executive, and in that case, the chief executive can dissolve the assembly, thus balancing the two systems by incorporating elements of a parliamentary cabinet system. [Ryōshi Mitsuhashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
直接、国民によって選挙された行政権の長(首長)を、公選議員をもって組織された議会と並立的な国民代表機関として位置づけ、その首長に議会から独立した地位・権限を付与した統治(政府)形態をいう。首長制は、議会と首長との間で権力の行使を分割し、相互の牽制(けんせい)と均衡によって、公正な政治・行政運営を確保しようとするもので、首長主義または大統領制presidential systemともいわれ、議会の信任を前提として、議会により首長を選出する議院内閣制と対比される統治形態である。アメリカの大統領制が首長制の代表例である。 わが国では、国が議院内閣制を採用しているのに対し、地方公共団体は首長制を採用している(憲法93条2項)。ただし、地方議会は長の不信任議決をすることができ、その場合に、長は議会を解散することができるなどの点で議院内閣制的な要素を加味して、両者の調整を図っている。 [三橋良士明] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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