Homework is a task that teachers assign to children to study mainly at home outside of regular school hours. Since it is done at home, it is sometimes called home study or home work, but this term includes learning that children do voluntarily based on their own interests, so homework is a part of home study or home work. Parents often ask teachers to assign homework to their children because they play instead of studying at home. When their children come home from school, parents ask if the homework has been assigned and instruct them to do it immediately or help them with it. In this way, homework serves many functions at home, such as making use of children's free time, disciplining them, communicating with them, and justifying the parents' educational responsibilities. Homework originally had the function of supplementing learning in the classroom. Teachers began assigning homework in order to make up for insufficient learning at home in terms of achieving the goals of the class. Gradually, as if competing with this, homework began to have a more active educational function. This means that homework not only serves to acquire knowledge and skills, but also provides an opportunity to develop methods and attitudes for independent learning. Specifically, the following educational significance can be identified: (1) to further enhance and satisfy the motivation to learn that has been generated in class, (2) to make observations, visits, and investigations that can only be done at home or in the local community, (3) to apply newly acquired knowledge and skills in class in practical situations and to appreciate their significance, (4) to thoroughly absorb and solidify newly understood principles and methods through repetition or practice, (5) to do preliminary research in preparation for the next class, or what is known as preview work, and (6) to help correct special learning deficiencies or difficulties. [Hasegawa Sakae] considerationIf the primary purpose of lessons is neglected and homework is used to fulfill this purpose, there is a danger that homework will become educationally corrupt. If homework is assigned carelessly for reasons such as overloading lessons with content, lack of time, insufficient guidance, or a lack of progress in learning, children will suffer from homework and educational results cannot be expected. At the very least, it is important to prepare and assign homework in a planned manner, to make it suited to the child's actual learning situation, to instruct the child on how to complete the work independently, and to thoroughly check the work afterwards. [Hasegawa Sakae] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
学校の正規の授業時間以外に主として家庭で学習を行わせるために、教師が子供に課す問題のことをいう。家庭でそれを果たすことから、家庭学習や家庭作業といわれることもあるが、この用語は子供が自らの興味に基づいて自発的に行う学習を含んでいるので、宿題は家庭学習や家庭作業の一部ということになる。 親は、子供が家庭で勉強しないで遊んでしまうから、宿題を出してほしいと、教師に要請することが多い。また子供が学校から帰ると、親は宿題が出たかどうかを尋ねて、ただちに宿題をやりなさいと指示したり、あるいはそれを手伝ったりする。このように家庭では、宿題が子供の暇な時間の活用、子供のしつけ、子供とのコミュニケーション、親の教育的責務の正当化などのいろいろな機能を果たしているのが実情である。 宿題は、もともと授業での学習を補充する働きをもっていた。授業の目標達成の面で学習の不十分なところを家庭で補充させようとして、教師が宿題を出すことになったのである。しだいにこれと競い合うようにして、宿題に教育的機能が積極的に込められるようになった。それは、宿題が知識や技能を獲得する働きをもつとともに、自主的に学ぶ方法や態度を育てる機会となることを意味する。 具体的には、次のような教育的意義づけが指摘できる。(1)授業で盛り上がってきた学習意欲をさらに高め満たすこと、(2)家庭や地域社会の場でないとできないような観察・見学・調査をすること、(3)授業で新たに獲得した知識や技能を実地に応用して、その意義を感得すること、(4)新たに理解した原理や方法を反復ないし練習して、十分に身につけて定着すること、(5)次の授業の準備として下調べをし、いわゆる予習をすること、(6)学習上の特別な欠陥やつまずきの矯正を補強すること、などである。 [長谷川榮] 配慮授業が本来果たすべきことをおろそかにして、それを宿題に転嫁することになると、宿題が教育的に堕落する危険に陥る。授業における内容の盛りすぎ、時間不足、指導の不十分さ、学習進度の遅れなどを理由にして、安易に宿題を出すと、子供は宿題に苦しめられて、教育的成果が期待できないであろう。少なくとも宿題は準備して計画的に出すこと、子供の学習実態に即すること、独力で果たすようにその方法を指導しておくこと、後の点検を十分すること、などがたいせつである。 [長谷川榮] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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