Ango - Ango

Japanese: 安居 - あんご
Ango - Ango

A practice in which Buddhist monks stay in one place during the rainy season, are forbidden to go outside, and live a communal life of training. A translation of the Sanskrit term vārāvāsa. It is also called rainy or summer ango. The rainy season in India lasts for about four months, and for three of those months (April 16th to July 15th, or May 16th to August 15th), monks stop traveling and stay in temples or caves to concentrate on their training. During this period, the rain is too heavy for walking and damages plants and insects, so Shakyamuni prescribed abstaining from traveling during the rainy season. This is the beginning of ango. The ranking of monks within a religious order, whether they were new or old, or senior or junior, was determined not by their age (seju), but by the number of times they performed these ango (horo, or the number of years after joining the order).

In China, in some places it was unsuitable for travel in the middle of winter due to snowfall, so the custom of staying in ango during the winter was born. This custom was called setsu ango or tou ango, and lasted for three months from October 16th to January 15th of the following year (or sometimes for four months up to February 15th).

It is said that ango was first held in Japan in 684 (the 13th year of Emperor Tenmu's reign). During the Edo period, it was widely practiced at the head temples of various sects. Even today, ango is strictly observed twice a year in Zen Buddhist monks' halls. In Zen Buddhism, the entry into ango is called "nyussei," "ketsuge," or "kessei," the ango period is called "seichu," its end is called "kaisei" or "kaige," and the periods outside the ango period are called "geai" or "seikan." In haiku, ango is a seasonal word for summer.

[Mori Sodo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仏教の出家修行者たちが雨期に1か所に滞在し、外出を禁じて集団の修行生活を送ること。サンスクリット語バルシャーバーサvārāvāsaの訳。雨(う)安居、夏(げ)安居ともいう。インドの雨期はだいたい4か月ほどであるが、そのうち3か月間(4月16日~7月15日、または5月16日~8月15日)は、修行者は旅行(遊行(ゆぎょう))をやめて精舎(しょうじゃ)や洞窟(どうくつ)にこもって修行に専念したのである。この期間は雨が激しくて徒歩旅行に適さず、また草木虫類を傷つけるので、釈迦(しゃか)は雨期の止住を規定した。これが安居の始まりである。出家修行者の教団内の新旧や先後の序列は、年齢(世寿(せじゅ))にはよらず、この安居の回数(法臘(ほうろう)、つまり入団後の年数)によって決められた。

 中国では、所によっては降雪のため真冬の旅行も不適であったので、冬季にも安居する慣習が生まれた。これは雪(せつ)安居、冬(とう)安居とよばれ、10月16日~翌年1月15日の3か月間(場合によっては2月15日までの4か月間)がその期間である。

 わが国では684年(天武天皇13)に初めて安居が行われたと伝えられる。江戸時代には各宗の本山で盛んに実施された。今日でも禅宗の僧堂などでは、年2回の安居が厳格に行われている。禅宗では、安居に入ることを「入制(にゅっせい)」「結夏(けつげ)」「結制(けっせい)」、安居期間を「制中(せいちゅう)」、その終了を「解制(かいせい)」「解夏(かいげ)」、安居期間以外の時期を「解間(げあい)」「制間(せいかん)」と、それぞれよんでいる。俳句では、安居は夏の季語である。

[森 祖道]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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