Turati - Turati (English spelling) Filippo Turati

Italian socialist and key figure in the founding of the Italian Socialist Party (1892). He co-founded the socialist theoretical journal Critica Sociale with his wife Anna Krishov (1891-1926) and worked to build a bridge between intellectuals and workers. He consistently advocated peaceful revolution based on gradual reform and the maturation of class consciousness among the masses. He led the reformists who were dominant within the party before World War I, and cooperated with the liberal left-wing government led by Giolitti from outside the cabinet, setting the precedent for the historic compromise course after World War II. He succeeded in eliminating the various schools of anarchism and revolutionary syndicalism within the party, but was defeated by the revolutionary centrists (Matsushimaristas) who began to emerge on the eve of World War I. After the war, in order to maintain the unity of the party, he accepted the centrists' affiliation to Comintern, but the party split in early 1921 (Livorno Party Congress). The following year, in 1922, he left the party as a reformer and founded the United Socialist Party. As a legal anti-fascist, he was the symbolic leader of the Aventine opposition coalition, but in 1926 he dramatically succeeded in defecting from the party. After that, he worked hard for the unification of the Socialist Party for the sake of anti-fascist exiles in Paris, and died there.

[Yasuro Shigeoka]

"History of the Italian Labor Movement" by Isao Yamazaki (1970, Aoki Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

イタリアの社会主義者、イタリア社会党創立（1892）の主役。妻のアンナ・クリショフとともに創刊した社会主義的理論誌『クリティカ・ソチャーレ』を主宰し（1891～1926）、知識人と労働者の間の橋渡しに努めた。漸進的改良と大衆の階級意識の成熟とに基づく平和的革命を一貫して説き、第一次世界大戦前には党内で優勢であった改良派を指導してジョリッティなどの自由主義左派政権への閣外協力を行い、第二次世界大戦後の歴史的妥協路線に先鞭(せんべん)をつけた。党内の無政府主義や革命的サンジカリズムの諸流派の排除に成功したが、第一次世界大戦前夜から台頭し始めた革命的中間派（最大限綱領派(マツシマリスタ)）には敗れた。大戦後、党の統一を守るために中間派のコミンテルン加盟を受け入れたが、1921年初頭に党は分裂した（リボルノ党大会）。翌1922年、改良派として離党し、統一社会党を結成した。合法的反ファシストとしてアベンティーノ反対派連合の象徴的指導者であったが、1926年、劇的亡命に成功。以後パリで反ファシスト亡命者のため、社会党の統一のために尽力し、客死した。

［重岡保郎］

『山崎功著『イタリア労働運動史』（1970・青木書店）』

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