A general term for containers used to pour and drink sake. Includes choshi (a sake bottle), tokuri (a sake bottle), sakazuki (a cup), and sakazukidai (a cup stand), but in a broader sense, sake barrels can also be considered sake vessels. Sake vessels appeared in countries around the world along with the development of alcohol, and in ancient times, natural objects such as tree leaves, coconuts, cow horns, and bamboo tubes were used as sake vessels. These sake vessels are still used in some places today. [Tomomi Kono] JapanIn ancient Japan, sake cups were made from oak leaves, just like tableware, but as earthenware began to be made, they became unglazed "kawarake." The use of kawarake in Shinto rituals today is a vestige of this. In the Nara period, names such as gold, silver, gilt bronze, and agate began to appear, and in the Heian period, wooden cups painted with vermilion lacquer began to appear. Eventually, these cups became commonplace, and the word "cup" came to refer to a vermilion-painted wooden cup. The ceramic sake cups (choku, choko) used today appeared in the middle of the Edo period, which coincided with the beginnings of kanzake (warm sake). However, wooden cups are still used in ceremonies today. The Engishiki lists clay vessels such as hotogi (a type of pot-shaped earthenware) as vessels for holding sake. In the Heian period, large unglazed sake bottle-shaped heishi and a pot with a spout called a sashinabe appeared. Bottles are still used in conjunction with kawarake in Shinto rituals at shrines today. Over time, the sashinabe evolved into a choshi with a long handle and a hisage, or choshi with a string. In the Edo period, a kannabe pot placed directly on a fire, thought to be a variation of the hisage, also appeared. In the late Muromachi period, a tall vessel with a narrow mouth and a bulging body called a tokkuri became popular. There are two types of tokkuri: the small kan tokkuri and the large binbo tokkuri. Kan tokkuri were used for small family gatherings, while binbo tokkuri were used for small purchases at sake shops. Choshi were only used at formal drinking parties. This custom remains to this day, and they are used as containers for pouring toso (traditional New Year's sake) at weddings and on New Year's Day. The cups also came to be a combination of a wooden cup for the choshi and a choko for the tokkuri. Wooden cups require a cup stand, and choko cups are accompanied by a cup washing machine for passing the cups around. Another item used to warm sake with hot water, like the tokkuri, is the cylindrical "chirori," made of metal such as tin and with a handle and spout; this is thought to have been introduced from China during the Edo period. It seems that sake barrels were originally containers for pouring sake into cups. In the Shosoin Documents and Engishiki, barrels are written as 罇 and described as a container for pouring sake, and the fact that they were lacquered suggests that they were used as a sake utensil rather than for storing sake. A barrel that is related to pouring vessels is the square, box-shaped sashidaru barrel, which was made in the Muromachi period and was used for weddings and other occasions. In the Edo period, rabbit barrels and horn barrels, which have long handles on both sides of a cylindrical body, were made and painted black or vermilion lacquered for use as celebratory barrels. Kakutaru barrels are still sometimes used as celebratory barrels today. [Tomomi Kono] foreign countryIn Asia, including Europe, China, and the Korean Peninsula, the development of sake vessels is closely related to the development of alcohol. It began with ritual use, but many vessels for everyday use were also made. China has a long history and a vast area, so there is a wide variety of sake vessels. Many bronze vessels for ritual use from the Yin dynasty have been discovered, and both sake vessels and cups have already evolved considerably. Cups include the gu, shi, and kaku shapes, and because characters related to horns are used, it is believed that they were originally made from animal horns. There are various types of sake vessels, such as the Shaku and Zun, and the large Zun is considered to be the most representative of sake vessels. The Zun was made into the shape of a cow or elephant, with a hole in the back to fill it with sake. It was shaped like a bird and had a lid on the neck, and in later times, round, bulging turnip-shaped and square-pillared vessels also appeared. In Europe, as wine was made, cups, barrels, and amphorae shaped like jars were developed to drink it. Cups shaped like animal horns or heads, as well as rhytons, were also used as drinking vessels at this time. When beer and various distilled alcoholic beverages began to be produced, drinking vessels suited to these drinks were created, and many of them were decorative as well as practical. [Tomomi Kono] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
酒を入れて注(つ)いだり、飲むための容器の総称。銚子(ちょうし)、徳利(とくり)、杯(さかずき)、杯台(さかずきだい)などが含まれるが、広い意味では酒樽(さかだる)なども酒器とされることがある。酒器は世界各国とも、酒の発生とともに現れたもので、古代においては、木の葉、ヤシの実、牛の角(つの)、竹筒など自然のものを酒器としていた。現在も、これらの酒器を使用している所もみられる。 [河野友美] 日本日本での酒器は、古代では食器と同じくカシワの葉を杯としていたが、土器がつくられるようになり、素焼の「かわらけ」になった。現在も神事にかわらけが用いられるのはその名残(なごり)である。奈良時代になると金、銀、金銅(こんどう)、めのうなどの名がみられるようになり、平安時代になると木製の朱漆塗りの杯が現れてくる。やがてこの杯は一般化し、杯といえば朱塗りの木杯をさすようになった。現在用いられている陶磁製の猪口(ちょく、ちょこ)は江戸時代の中ごろ現れたもので、これは燗酒(かんざけ)の始まりと並行している。しかし現在も儀式などでは木製の杯が用いられる。 酒を入れる器としては『延喜式(えんぎしき)』に、缶(ほとぎ)(壺(つぼ)形の土器の一種)など土焼の容器が記されている。平安時代になると、大きな徳利形の素焼の瓶子(へいし)や、「さしなべ」とよぶ鍋(なべ)に注ぎ口をつけたものが現れてくる。瓶子は、現在も神社の神事にかわらけと組み合わせて用いられている。さしなべは時代とともに長柄をつけた銚子と、弦(つる)をつけた銚子つまり提子(ひさげ)に分化した。江戸時代になると、提子が変化したとみられる、直接火にかける形の燗鍋も現れてくる。室町時代の後期になると、徳利とよばれる、口が細く胴の膨らんだ背の高い容器が普及した。徳利には小形の燗徳利と大形の貧乏徳利があり、燗徳利は内輪の小宴で、貧乏徳利は酒屋で小買いするのに用いられた。そして銚子は正式の酒宴でのみ使われた。この習慣は現在も残り、婚礼や、正月の屠蘇(とそ)を注ぐ容器として使用されている。また杯も銚子には木杯、徳利には猪口の組合せとなってくる。なお、木杯には杯台が必要であるし、猪口の場合は、杯をやりとりするための杯洗(はいせん)が伴ってくる。徳利と同じく湯で燗をするものに、錫(すず)などの金属製で、把手(とって)と注ぎ口のついた筒形の「ちろり」があるが、これは江戸時代に中国から渡来したものらしい。 酒樽は初めは酒を杯に注ぐための容器であったようである。『正倉院文書』や『延喜式』には樽を罇と書き、酒を注ぐ容器として記され、漆塗りであったところから、酒を保存するのではなく、酒器の一つとして用いていたことがうかがえる。注器の系統を引く樽としては、室町時代にできた四角い箱形の指樽(さしだる)があり、婚礼などに用いられた。江戸時代になると、円筒形の胴の両側に長い柄のついた兎(うさぎ)樽や角(つの)樽がつくられ、黒や朱の漆塗りにして祝儀用にした。角樽はいまも祝い樽として用いられることがある。 [河野友美] 外国ヨーロッパや、中国、朝鮮半島などのアジアにおいても、酒器の発達は酒の発達と深い関係があり、祭祀(さいし)用に始まって、日常の器も数多くつくられた。中国は歴史が古く、地域も広大なため酒器も多種多様である。殷(いん)代の祭祀用の青銅器類が多く発見されているが、酒容器、杯ともすでに相当進化したものである。杯は觚(こ)、觶(し)、角(かく)などがあり、角(つの)に関した文字が用いられているところから、初めは獣角でつくったとみられる。酒器には爵(しゃく)、尊(そん)などがみられるが、なかでも大形の尊は酒器の代表とされている。尊は容器全体を牛や象などの形にし、背の部分に穴をあけて酒を入れた。鳥の姿に形づくり首を蓋(ふた)にしたり、後世には円形で胴の膨らんだ蕪(かぶ)状や方柱の容器も出現した。 ヨーロッパではワインづくりとともに、それを飲むのに適した杯や、樽、壺形のアンフォーラなどが開発されてくる。獣の角や頭部をかたどった杯、リュトンなどもこのころの酒器として用いられている。ビールや各種蒸留酒がつくられるようになると、さらに、それらの酒にあった酒器が生まれ、実用性のほか装飾性をもつものも多くなった。 [河野友美] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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