《The Hygiene of the Working Class in England》 - The Hygiene of the Working Class in England

Japanese: 《イギリスにおける労働者階級の衛生状態》 - いぎりすにおけるろうどうしゃかいきゅうのえいせいじょうたい

…In England, where the housing problem first emerged, a cholera epidemic occurred in 1830-32, killing hundreds of thousands of people. In 1842, E. Chadwick investigated the actual situation with the cooperation of doctors and workers, and reported the results in “The Sanitary Condition of the Working Class in England.” In the report, he revealed that the sanitary conditions of workers' housing and poor urban planning had led to high mortality rates and increased expenditure on poor relief, and that administrative investment in urban development had the effect of reducing security measures, sanitation, firefighting, and welfare costs, and called for the need for housing, urban, and sanitation policies. …

From [Urban Issues]

...urban problems are usually treated as the difficulties and confusions that arise from the concentration of population and economic activity in a city area, and include housing shortages (see the entry on housing problems), transportation problems (see the entry on urban transportation), water shortages, cleaning problems, as well as a shortage of schools and daycare centers, pollution, disasters, accidents, and the high incidence of crime, drug and alcohol addiction, and mental illnesses that are unique to cities. In a particularly narrow sense, the term can also refer to problems handled by city authorities (local public organizations in urban areas), such as inefficiency of city administration, lack of citizen participation, and difficulties with city finances.

*The following is a partial explanation of the term "Hygiene of the Working Class in Britain."

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…住宅問題が最初に登場したイギリスでは1830‐32年，コレラが大流行し数十万人が死亡した。42年，E.チャドウィックは実情を医師，労働者らの協力を得て調査し，結果を《イギリスにおける労働者階級の衛生状態》として報告した。その中で彼は労働者住居の衛生状態，都市計画の不備が死亡率を高め，救貧支出を増大させていること，都市整備のための行政投資が治安対策，衛生･消防･福祉費用の節約効果をもつことなどを明らかにし，住宅･都市･衛生政策の必要性を訴えた。…

【都市問題】より

…都市問題は通常，都市という区域に集中し増大した人口や経済活動をめぐって起こる困難･混乱の現象として扱われ，具体的には住宅難(〈住宅問題〉の項参照)，交通難(〈都市交通〉の項参照)，水不足，清掃問題をはじめ，学校･保育所の不足や公害，災害，事故の発生，さらに都会特有の犯罪や麻薬･アルコール中毒，精神病の多発等があげられる。またとくに狭義には，市当局(都市部における地方公共団体)が扱う問題に限り，都市行政の非能率や市民参加の不足，都市財政の困難等をさす場合もある。…

※「《イギリスにおける労働者階級の衛生状態》」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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