Monroe Doctrine

Japanese: モンロー主義 - もんろーしゅぎ(英語表記)Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine

One of the basic diplomatic policies of the United States. The attitude of distinguishing the New World from Europe and trying to keep the two at a distance was already seen around the time of the American Revolution, but it was the fifth president, Monroe, who first clearly stated this position in 1823 (Monroe Doctrine), and so his diplomatic policy is called the "Monroe Doctrine."

The Monroe Doctrine had two backgrounds. First, in 1821, Russia issued a proclamation that declared the Pacific coastal areas of North America north of the 51st parallel to be Russian territory. In response, US Secretary of State J. Q. Adams expressed his repudiation of colonialism, saying that the New World was no longer a target for European colonization. Meanwhile, Britain feared the interference of European powers, especially France, in the Latin American countries that had gained independence from Spain in the 1810s, and in 1823, through Foreign Secretary Canning, proposed a joint Anglo-American declaration opposing intervention. However, Adams' opinion, which advocated a separate declaration by the United States due to distrust of Britain, was adopted, and on December 2nd of the same year, President Monroe repeated his earlier repudiation of colonialism in a message to Congress, expressed the principle of non-interference between the United States and Europe, and declared that any interference in Latin American countries would be considered an unfriendly attitude toward the United States.

The Monroe Doctrine was subsequently repeatedly expressed and established as one of the basic diplomatic principles of the United States, but over time its interpretation was broadened and, particularly in the 20th century, it became a principle that justified intervention by the United States alone in the countries of the New World.

[Tomoko Takemoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカ合衆国の基本的外交方針の一つ。新世界をヨーロッパから区別し、両者の距離を保とうとする姿勢は、すでにアメリカ独立革命のころからみられたが、1823年に第5代大統領モンローが初めてこの立場を明確に示した(モンロー宣言)ことから、その外交方針は「モンロー主義」とよばれる。

 モンロー宣言は、二つの背景をもっていた。一つには、1821年、ロシアは北緯51度以北の北米太平洋岸地域をロシア領とする布告を発したが、これに対してアメリカ国務長官J・Q・アダムズは、新大陸はもはやヨーロッパの植民の対象とはならないという、植民地主義の否定を表明していた。一方イギリスは、1810年代にスペインから独立したラテンアメリカ諸国へのヨーロッパ列強、とりわけフランスの干渉を恐れ、23年に外相カニングを通して干渉反対の英米共同宣言を提案した。しかし、イギリスへの不信感から合衆国の単独宣言を主張したアダムズの意見が採用され、同年12月2日、大統領モンローは議会への教書で、先の植民地主義の否定を繰り返すとともに、アメリカとヨーロッパの相互不干渉の原則を表明し、ラテンアメリカ諸国へのいかなる干渉も、合衆国に対する非友好的態度とみなすことを宣言。

 モンロー主義はその後繰り返し表明され、合衆国の基本的外交原理の一つとして確立されたが、時代の推移とともに拡大解釈されるようになり、とりわけ20世紀に入ると、合衆国のみが新大陸諸国に干渉することを正当化する原理となった。

[竹本友子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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