Absolute temperature - Zettai-ondo (English spelling) absolute temperature

Japanese: 絶対温度 - ぜったいおんど(英語表記)absolute temperature
Absolute temperature - Zettai-ondo (English spelling) absolute temperature
Temperature defined by the laws of thermodynamics, regardless of the substance. Its unit is Kelvin (symbol K; until 1967 it was degrees Kelvin (°K)). It is also called thermodynamic temperature or Kelvin temperature. According to Gay-Lussac's law of thermal expansion of gases, the volume of a gas at constant pressure increases with temperature at the same rate regardless of the substance. In other words, if the volumes at temperatures 0°C and t °C are V 0 and V , respectively, then V = V 0 (1 + t /273) = V 0 ( T / T 0 ). Here, T 0 and T are temperatures (units K) given on the Celsius scale with -273°C as 0 degrees, so T 0 = 273K and T = (273 + t )K. This temperature is the conventional absolute temperature, and is given by a gas thermometer for an ideal gas. In 1848, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) proposed to define the absolute temperature scale thermodynamically, noting that according to the second law of thermodynamics, the efficiency of a reversible engine operating between absolute temperatures T1 and T2 (where T2 > T1 ) is a constant value ( T2 - T1 )/ T2 regardless of the working substance, and taking the temperature difference between the melting point (→ melting) and boiling point (→ boiling) of water as 100. Furthermore, in 1854 , Kelvin and James Prescott Joule showed that it is possible to determine the temperature scale thermodynamically by specifying the value of a single fixed point of temperature. This was realized 100 years later in 1954, when the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures decided that the temperature of the triple point of water was set as 273.16K as the single fixed point of temperature, and that the unit of temperature Kelvin was set as 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of water as the base unit of the International System of Units (SI). Since the Celsius temperature of the triple point of water is 0.01°C, the relationship between the absolute temperature T and the Celsius temperature t of the same temperature is given by T = t + 273.15. At the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures held in 2018, the definition of the Kelvin was changed to set the Boltzmann constant k at 1.380649×10 -23 J/K.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
物質に関係なく熱力学の法則により定義された温度。単位はケルビン(記号 K。1967年まではケルビン度〈°K〉)。熱力学的温度またはケルビン温度ともいう。気体の熱膨張に関するゲイ=リュサックの法則によれば,一定圧力の気体の体積は物質によらず同じ割合で温度とともに増加する。つまり温度 0℃,t℃の体積をそれぞれ V0V とすれば,VV0(1+t/273)=V0T/T0)に従う。ここで T0T は-273℃を 0度としてセ氏温度目盛りで与えられる温度(単位 K)で,T0=273K,T=(273+t)K とされた。この温度が従来の絶対温度であって,理想気体の気体温度計で与えられる。1848年,ケルビン卿(ウィリアム・トムソン)は,熱力学第二法則によれば,絶対温度 T1T2(ただし T2T1)の間に働く可逆機関の効率は作業物質に関係なく一定値(T2T1)/T2 であることに着目し,水の融点(→融解)と沸点(→沸騰)の温度差を 100として,熱力学的に絶対温度目盛りを定義するよう提案した。さらに 1854年ケルビンとジェームズ・プレスコット・ジュールは,唯一の温度の定点の値を指定すれば,熱力学的に温度目盛りを決めうることを示した。これが実現されたのは 100年後の 1954年であって,第10回国際度量衡総会において,唯一の温度の定点として水の三重点の温度を 273.16Kと定め,国際単位系 SIの基本単位として温度の単位ケルビンを水の熱力学的温度の 1/273.16とすることが決定された。水の三重点のセ氏温度は 0.01℃であるから,同一温度の絶対温度 T とセ氏温度 t との関係は Tt+273.15 で与えられる。2018年に開催された第26回国際度量衡総会において,ケルビンの定義はボルツマン定数 k を 1.380649×10-23J/Kと定めることで設定される,と変更された。

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