It refers to the main place of residence of each person (Civil Code, Article 22). Many laws use domicile as a criterion for determining legal relationships. For example, the standard for absence and disappearance (Civil Code, Articles 25 and 30), the standard for determining the place of debt performance (Civil Code, Article 484, Commercial Code, Article 516), the place of inheritance (Civil Code, Article 883), the place of bill of exchange (Bill of Exchange Act, Article 2, Paragraph 3, etc.), the standard for judicial jurisdiction (Civil Procedure Act, Article 4, etc.), and the place of election (Public Offices Election Act, Article 20, etc.). When establishing or changing a domicile, in addition to the fact of settling, it is disputed whether the intention to settling is necessary. The theory that requires this is called the subjective theory, and the theory that does not require it is called the objective theory, with the objective theory being the more prevalent. In addition, there is an issue as to whether a domicile must be single (single theory) or whether it is acceptable to have multiple domiciles (multiple theory), with the multiple theory gaining in popularity. The recent view is that public law addresses (Public Offices Election Law, Tax Law, etc.) do not necessarily have to be the same as private law addresses, and that they may be determined independently in accordance with the spirit of the law. A residence is not a person's main place of life, but a place where one lives continuously for a certain period of time, and if there is no address or if there is an address but it is unknown, the residence is considered to be the address (Civil Code, Article 23, Paragraph 1). The same applies to those who do not have an address in Japan (Civil Code, Article 23, Paragraph 2). [Takahisa Awaji] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
各人の生活の本拠をいう(民法22条)。法律には、住所を基準として法律関係を決めるものが多い。たとえば、不在および失踪(しっそう)の標準(同法25条、30条)、債務履行地決定の標準(民法484条、商法516条)、相続開始地(民法883条)、手形行為の場所(手形法2条3項など)、裁判管轄の標準(民事訴訟法4条など)、選挙の場所(公職選挙法20条など)などである。住所を設定し、あるいは変更するにあたっては、定住の事実のほかに、定住の意思が必要かどうかが争われている。これを必要とする説を主観説といい、不要とする説を客観説というが、客観説が有力である。また、住所は単一でなければならないか(単一説)、複数あってもよいか(複数説)が問題とされているが、複数説が有力になってきている。なお、公法上の住所(公職選挙法、税法など)はかならずしも私法上の住所と一致する必要はなく、独自に法律の趣旨に従って決められればよい、と解するのが最近の考え方である。なお、居所は人の生活の本拠ではないが、ある程度の期間継続して居住する場所であり、住所がない場合や、あっても不明な場合には、居所が住所とみなされる(民法23条1項)。日本に住所をもたない者についても同様である(同法23条2項)。 [淡路剛久] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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