Mediastinum

Japanese: 縦隔 - じゅうかく
Mediastinum

The space near the median plane of the thorax between the left and right pleura. It is divided into upper, anterior, middle and posterior regions, based on clinical rather than anatomical significance. The upper mediastinum is above the plane joining the sternal angle and the lower edge of the fourth thoracic vertebra, and contains the aortic arch and its branches, the innominate vein, the upper part of the superior vena cava, the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus, lymph nodes, the vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve and cardiac branches of the sympathetic nerves. The anterior mediastinum is bounded in front by the sternum, in back by the epicardium and inferiorly by the diaphragm, and contains adipose tissue, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and branches of the internal thoracic artery. The middle mediastinum contains the heart and epicardium, the ascending aorta, the lower part of the superior vena cava and lymph nodes. The posterior mediastinum is the area above the diaphragm, bounded in front by the heart and in back by the thoracic vertebrae, and contains the descending thoracic aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, esophagus, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, sympathetic nerve, and lymph nodes.

Although the mediastinum is a relatively small area, it has attracted attention as a site for the development of a variety of tumors. Of these, thymomas, teratomas, and neurological tumors are the most common, followed by congenital cysts. Diagnosis is by plain X-ray, tomography, and various contrast methods, but it is a difficult field to diagnose. In recent years, computed tomography (CT) has been used, and is highly effective in detecting tumors on the posterior surface of the sternum and lymph nodes hidden by blood vessels. All mediastinal diseases eventually cause organ compression, resulting in compression symptoms. In such cases, the vena cava trunk is usually the one that is most commonly and strongly compressed.

[Tomoyuki Yamaguchi]

[References] | Pneumomediastinum | Mediastinal tumor | Chest

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

左右の胸膜に挟まれた胸郭内の正中面付近の空間をいう。解剖学的というより臨床的意味から、上部、前部、中部および後部に区分される。上縦隔は、胸骨角と第4胸椎(きょうつい)下縁を結ぶ平面より上方で、この領域には大動脈弓とその分岐、無名静脈、上大静脈の上部、気管、食道、胸管、胸腺(きょうせん)、リンパ節、迷走神経、横隔膜神経、左反回神経、交感神経心臓枝などがある。前縦隔は、前は胸骨、後ろは心外膜、下は横隔膜で境され、ここには脂肪組織、リンパ管、リンパ節および内胸動脈の分枝が含まれる。中部縦隔には、心臓および心外膜、上行大動脈、上大静脈の下部、リンパ節がある。後縦隔は、前を心臓、後ろは胸椎で境された横隔膜より上の部分で、胸部下行大動脈、奇静脈、半奇静脈、食道、胸管、迷走神経、交感神経およびリンパ節がある。

 縦隔は比較的狭い領域であるにもかかわらず、多彩な腫瘍(しゅよう)発生の場として注目されている。このうち胸腺腫、奇形腫、神経性腫瘍がもっとも多く、ついで先天性嚢腫(のうしゅ)が多い。診断には、X線の単純撮影のほか、断層撮影、各種造影法が行われるが、診断の困難な分野である。近年はコンピュータ断層撮影(CT)が行われるようになり、胸骨後面の腫瘍とか血管に隠れた部分のリンパ節の検出に優れた効果を発揮している。縦隔疾患ではいずれも、のちには臓器の圧迫をきたして圧迫症状を示すようになる。その際、通常もっとも多く、かつ強く圧迫されるのは大静脈幹である。

[山口智道]

[参照項目] | 縦隔気腫 | 縦隔腫瘍 |

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