The PEN Club was founded in London in 1921 by British female writer Catharine Amy Dawson Scott, along with John Galsworthy, in order to realize world peace through international friendship among writers. Its official name is the International Association of Playwriters, Poets, Editors, Essayists and Novelists. It is commonly known as the PEN Club, taking the P from Playwriters and Poets, the E from Editors and Essayists, and the N from Novelists, and the pen meaning pen. When it was first established, the PEN Club was merely a dinner club, but after the French writer Anatole France responded to Galsworthy's call to form the French PEN Club, it gradually took on the appearance of an international organization. The first International PEN Congress was held in London in 1923, with Galsworthy chosen as its first president. Since then, after a hiatus during World War II, the International PEN Congress has been held once a year, with each centre in each country taking turns. Currently, the organisation has several active committees, including the Prison Writers Committee, the Writers for Peace Committee, the Translation and Language Rights Committee, and the Women Writers Committee. [Jun Nonaka and Natsumi Tanaka] JapanThe Japan PEN was founded in 1935 (Showa 10) with Shimazaki Toson as its president, but activities were suspended due to the war and were revived in 1947 (Showa 22) with Shiga Naoya as president. The following year, it was approved to return to the International PEN, and Kawabata Yasunari became its president. Kawabata served as president for over 17 years until his resignation in 1965, and put the Japan PEN Club's activities on track. During that time, in 1957, Japan was the first in Asia to host the 29th International PEN Congress, which was held under the theme of "Mutual Influence of Eastern and Western Literature," and was a great success. The following year, Kawabata was elected vice president of the International PEN. 27 years later, in 1984, the 47th International PEN Congress was held again in Japan, with 45 overseas PEN centers participating under the main theme of "Literature in a Nuclear Situation: Why Do We Write?" In 1996, the first Asia-Pacific PEN Conference was held in Japan, with the main theme being "Asia and Literature in a Changing World." The club publishes the newsletter "PEN". Almost every year, it also publishes the English magazine "Japanese Literature Today" (which has also included a French translation since 1993), as well as a list of Japanese literature translations, "Japanese Literature in Foreign Languages 1945-1995" (1997), to actively introduce Japanese literature to the world, and in 2001 it opened the "Digital Literature Museum" on the Internet. The Japan PEN Club's objectives are to protect freedom of speech, expression, and publication, and to promote international cultural exchange, and its role differs from that of the Japan Writers' Association, which is a professional organization for writers. Based on the founding principles of International PEN - freedom of expression, respect for human rights, and pacifism - it actively expresses its views on environmental issues and other issues through statements. The successive presidents after Kawabata were Serizawa Kojiro, Nakamura Mitsuo, Ishikawa Tatsuzo, Takahashi Kenji, Inoue Yasushi, Endo Shusaku, Ooka Makoto, Ozaki Hideki (1928-99), Umehara Takeshi and Inoue Hisashi. [Jun Nonaka and Natsumi Tanaka] "The Thirty Year History of the Japan PEN Club, edited by Tatsuno Nobuyuki (1967, Japan PEN Club)" ▽ "Pen Musings - The PEN Club's Turbulent Half Century, by Takahashi Kenji (1984, Tokyo Shoseki)" ▽ "The Fifty Year History of the Japan PEN Club, edited and published by the Japan PEN Club (1987)" ▽ "The Prison Writer's Day Talk-In on the State Secrecy Law (2) Are Our Opinions Protected?", edited by the Japan PEN Club (1989, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Thoughts of a Non-Citizen, by Natsubori Masamoto (1994, Special Edition of Stories)" ▽ "The Child of Heaven, by Kawabata Yasunari (Shincho Bunko)" [References] | | | | | | | | |Naoya | Shimazaki| | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
文筆家の国際的な親善を通じて世界平和を実現するために、1921年、イギリスの女性作家ドーソン・スコットCatharine Amy Dawson Scottの発意により、ジョン・ゴールズワージーらを中心としてロンドンで設立された。正式名称は、International Association of Playwriters, Poets, Editors, Essayists and Novelistsである。Playwriters(脚本家)、Poets(詩人)のP、Editors(編集者)、Essayists(随筆家)のE、Novelists(小説家)のNをとり、筆の意のペンpenにかけて、ペンP. E. N.クラブと通称される。創立当初のペンクラブは食事の会程度の規模にすぎなかったが、ゴールズワージーの呼びかけに、フランスの作家アナトール・フランスが応じてフランスペンクラブがつくられて以後、国際的な組織としての体裁を徐々に整えていく。第1回の国際ペン大会は1923年にロンドンで開かれ、初代会長にゴールズワージーが選ばれた。以後、第二次世界大戦時の中断を挟み、毎年1回、各国センターの持ち回りで国際ペン大会を開催している。現在、組織内に獄中作家委員会、平和のための作家委員会、翻訳・言語権委員会、女性作家委員会などが設けられ活動している。 [野中 潤・田中夏美] 日本日本ペンクラブThe Japan P. E. N.は1935年(昭和10)に島崎藤村を会長として発足するが、戦争のために活動が中断、47年(昭和22)に志賀直哉(なおや)を会長として再興される。翌年には国際ペンへの復帰も承認され、川端康成(やすなり)が会長となった。川端は65年に辞任するまでの17年余にわたって会長を務め、日本ペンクラブの活動を軌道にのせた。その間、1957年にはアジアで初めて、第29回国際ペン大会International P. E. N. Congressを「東西両洋文学の相互影響」のテーマのもとに日本で開催し、成功を収めた。翌年川端は、国際ペンの副会長に選ばれている。27年後の84年にはふたたび日本で第47回国際ペン大会が開かれ、「核状況下の文学――なぜわれわれは書くのか」というメイン・テーマのもと、海外45ペンセンターが参加した。1996年(平成8)には、「変わりゆくアジアと文学」をメイン・テーマに第1回アジア・太平洋ペン会議を日本で開催した。 会報『PEN』を発行。また、ほぼ毎年、英文誌『Japanese Literature Today』(1993年より仏文訳も合載)、さらに日本文学の翻訳リスト『Japanese Literature in Foreign Languages 1945-1995』(1997)などを発行して積極的に日本文学を海外に紹介、2001年にはインターネット上に「電子文藝館」を開設した。日本ペンクラブの目的は言論・表現・出版の自由の擁護と文化の国際交流の増進にあり、文筆家の職能擁護団体である日本文芸家協会とその役割を異にしており、表現の自由・人権の尊重・平和主義という国際ペンの設立趣旨に基づいて、環境問題などにも声明による意思表明を積極的に行っている。川端以降の歴代会長は芹沢光治良(せりざわこうじろう)、中村光夫、石川達三、高橋健二、井上靖、遠藤周作、大岡信(まこと)、尾崎秀樹(ほつき)(1928―99)、梅原猛(たけし)、井上ひさし。 [野中 潤・田中夏美] 『立野信之編『日本ペンクラブ三十年史』(1967・日本ペンクラブ)』▽『高橋健二著『Pen随想――ペンクラブ激動の半世紀』(1984・東京書籍)』▽『日本ペンクラブ編・刊『日本ペンクラブ五十年史』(1987)』▽『日本ペンクラブ編『「獄中作家の日」トーク・イン国家秘密法(2) 私たちの言論はまもられているか』(1989・岩波書店)』▽『夏堀正元著『非国民の思想』(1994・話の特集)』▽『川端康成著『天授の子』(新潮文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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