November Uprising (English spelling: Powstanie Listopadowe)

Japanese: 十一月蜂起 - じゅういちがつほうき(英語表記)Powstanie Listopadowe
November Uprising (English spelling: Powstanie Listopadowe)
Also known as the Warsaw Uprising, this was a revolt (1830-31) by the Polish noble class (szlachta) seeking liberation from Russian rule. When Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia and King of Poland, attempted to mobilize the Polish army to suppress the July Revolution (1830) in France, an officers' revolt broke out in Warsaw on November 29, 1830. The citizens responded by occupying the arsenal, forcing the Russian garrison under the Tsar's brother, Grand Duke Constantine, to withdraw. On December 3, the Provisional Government was established, and on January 25, Nicholas I was abolished. In April, the revolt spread beyond the borders of the Council of Poland (Kingdom of Poland) to include parts of Lithuania (Litwa), Belarus, and Ukraine. However, the conservatives, including A. Czartwyski, who seized power in the government, originally wanted peace through negotiations, but on the other hand, they were forced to go into battle under the pressure of radicals, including J. Lelewer, who had gathered in the Patriotic Society, but they lacked confidence in military victory and were indecisive in their operational leadership. The Polish army fought well against the Russian regular army under the command of General I. Paskevich, but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Ostrołęka in May 1931. On the other hand, the leaders of the uprising rejected the Emancipation of the Serfs, cutting off the support of the domestic masses, and looked to the intervention of Western European countries as their last hope, but diplomatic negotiations for this also failed. In September, Warsaw fell, and the national elites who had participated in the uprising chose to flee to Western Europe, marking an era in Polish history known as the "Great Period of Exile." The November Uprising made a strong impression on the radical democrats of Western Europe, and commemorative festivals were held in various places every year until World War I.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ワルシャワ反乱とも呼ばれる。ロシアの支配からの解放を求めてポーランドの士族階級 (シュラフタ ) が起した反乱の一つ (1830~31) 。ロシア皇帝兼ポーランド王ニコライ1世がフランスの七月革命 (30) 鎮圧のため,ポーランド軍の動員を企てたのに対して,1830年 11月 29日ワルシャワで士官の反乱が勃発,市民がこれに呼応して武器庫を占領,皇帝の兄コンスタンチン大公麾下のロシア駐屯軍は撤退を余儀なくされた。 12月3日臨時政府,翌1月 25日ニコライ1世の廃止が宣され,4月になると反乱は会議王国 (ポーランド王国) の域を越えてさらにリトアニア (リトワ) ,白ロシア,ウクライナの一部に波及した。しかし政府権力を握った A.チャルトルイスキら保守派はもともと交渉による和平を望んだが,他方で愛国協会に結集した J.レレウェルら急進派の突上げを受けてやむなく戦闘にのぞんだものの,軍事的勝利への確信を欠き,優柔不断な作戦指導に終始した。 I.パスケービッチ将軍指揮下のロシア正規軍に対して,ポーランド軍はよく戦ったが,31年5月のオストロウェンカの戦いで決定的な敗北をこうむった。他方蜂起指導部は農奴解放令を拒否して,みずから国内大衆の支持を断ち,最後の望みを西ヨーロッパ諸国の介入に期待したが,このための外交交渉も不調に終った。9月にワルシャワが陥落,蜂起に参加した民族のエリートは西ヨーロッパへの亡命の道を選んでここにポーランド史上「大亡命時代」として知られる一時代を画することになった。十一月蜂起は西ヨーロッパの急進的民主主義者に強い感銘を与え,第1次世界大戦まで毎年各地で記念祭が催された。

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