Nicholas Kaldor

British economist. Born in Hungary, he graduated from the University of London and worked as a lecturer there before moving to Cambridge University in 1949, where he served as a professor until 1975. His achievements were diverse, and he made great strides in welfare economics and imperfect competition theory in his early days, but was later influenced by Keynes and became active as a post-Keynesian. The first was to make the Keynesian system dynamic, and he invented his own business cycle theory. The second was to extend it over time, and he developed a unique growth theory by introducing a technological progress function. The third was distribution theory, and he advocated a Keynesian distribution theory that applied Keynes's multiplier theory to the distribution aspect. As a Keynesian, he also made sharp criticisms of neoclassical theory and monetarism. In addition to these theoretical activities, he had a strong interest in the real British economy, and was noted for his opposition to Britain's membership in the EC, his comments on the country's tax reforms and his advocacy of a comprehensive consumption tax, and his criticism of Thatcher-style economic policies.

[Tetsuya Hitosugi]

"N. Kaldor Collected Economic Essays, 8 vols. (1960-80, Gerard Duckworth & Co. Ltd., London)" ▽ "N. Kaldor, translated and supervised by Tokikoyama Tsunesaburo, "Comprehensive Consumption Tax" (1963, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

イギリスの経済学者。ハンガリーに生まれ、ロンドン大学を卒業後、同大学講師を経て1949年にケンブリッジ大学に移り、75年まで教授を務めた。彼の業績は多彩であり、初期には厚生経済学、不完全競争理論などで業績をあげたが、のちにケインズの影響を受け、ポスト・ケインジアンとして活躍した。その第一はケインズ体系の動態化であり、独自の景気循環理論を創案した。第二はその長期化であり、技術進歩関数を導入することにより、独特の成長理論を展開した。第三は分配論であり、ケインズの乗数理論を分配面に適用したケインズ派分配論を主張した。またケインジアンとして、新古典派理論、マネタリズムに対して鋭い批判を加えている。こうした理論的活動のかたわら、現実のイギリス経済に対して強い関心をもち、イギリスのEC加盟への反対、同国の租税改定への発言と総合消費税の提唱、サッチャー流経済政策への批判などで注目された。

［一杉哲也］

『N. KaldorCollected Economic Essays, 8 vols. (1960～80, Gerard Duckworth & Co. Ltd., London)』▽『N・カルドア著、時子山常三郎監訳『総合消費税』（1963・東洋経済新報社）』

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