Shakkanho (unit of measurement)

Japanese: 尺貫法 - しゃっかんほう
Shakkanho (unit of measurement)

A unique Japanese unit system based on shaku as a unit of length and kan as a unit of mass. It originated from the ancient Chinese system, but the basic unit of mass in China is jin, and kan is unique to Japan. However, both jin and kan can be considered to be of the same system, starting from the coin (momme).

The shaku is a pictograph of an open hand placed against an object to measure length. Thus, shaku is a unit based on the width of the hand, and one shaku in the Zhou dynasty is about 6 sun in today's units. This shaku grew over time, and a shaku for private woodworking, which was close to the current shaku, arose as a separate system from the official shaku and spread among the public. This was then officially established in the Sui dynasty, and two systems were established: the small shaku, which is about 8 sun in today's units, and the large shaku, which is 2 sun longer. This system was continued in the Tang dynasty and was introduced to Japan by the Taiho Code (701). The small shaku fell out of use in both China and Japan, and the large shaku grew slightly, settling on its current length during the Edo period. However, there was a difference of about 4 rin between the bamboo shaku commonly used for general use and the carpenter's kanejaku, so in 1875 (Meiji 8), the average of these was averaged to determine the current 10/33 meter.

One kan is 1000 momme, and momme is the cursive writing of the Chinese word for "spring". The name "monme" comes from the weight of one sen, or one mon, because the mass of the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin of the Tang Dynasty became a practical unit during the Song Dynasty. The Ritsuryo Code adopted the units of kin and ryo following the Tang system, but there was also a large and small system, with small being one-third of large, but small fell out of use and ryo with 10 momme and kin with 160 momme became widespread. However, the size has not changed since the Ritsuryo Code. The custom of 1000 momme being one kan began in the Muromachi period, and it came to be used in conjunction with kin. Kan comes from the weight of 1000 coins pierced through a pierce. In 1891 (Meiji 24), this was defined as 1/4 of 1 kilogram, and has remained so to this day. There have been changes in the units of multiples and fractions of these units, as well as in the units of area and volume, but the units of measurement currently listed in the Measurement Act Enforcement Act are as follows.

(1) Units of length: shaku (10/33 of a meter), kujira shaku (25/66 of a meter), koe, rin, bun, sun, jo, ken (6 shaku), cho (360 shaku), and ri (12,960 shaku).

(2) Units of weight (mass): kin (3.75 kilograms), mo, rin, bun, jin (0.16 kin).

(3) Units of area: square shaku, bu or tsubo (400/121 square meters), square shaku, square sun, shaku, go, se (30 bu), tan (300 bu), cho (3,000 bu).

(4) Units of volume: cubic shaku, masu (2,401/1,331,000 cubic meters), cubic bun, cubic sun, tate tsubo (216 cubic shaku), shaku, go, to, and koku.

According to the Act on Enforcement of the Measurement Law, these units will no longer be used for measurements in trade or certification after March 1966. However, momme is only recognized for pearls because it is used for pearls overseas.

[Koizumi Kesakatsu]

[Reference] | Weights and Measures

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

長さの単位に尺、質量の単位に貫を基本にとった日本固有の単位系。中国古代制度を起源とするものであるが、中国の質量の基本的単位は斤で、貫は日本特有のものである。しかし斤も貫も銭(匁(もんめ))から出発する点で同系統のものとみて差し支えない。

 尺は手を広げて物に当てて長さを計る形の象形文字である。したがって尺は手幅を基準にとった単位で、周代の1尺はいまの6寸程度である。この尺が時代とともに伸び、さらにいまの1尺に近い民間木工用の尺は官制の尺とは別系統の尺として発生し、民間に普及した。そこで隋(ずい)代にはこれも公定したので、いまの約8寸の小尺と、それより2寸長い大尺の2制ができた。これが唐代に引き継がれ、さらに大宝律令(たいほうりつりょう)(701)によって日本に導入された。小尺は中国でも日本でも使われなくなり、大尺はわずかに伸びて江戸時代にほぼいまの長さに落ち着いた。しかし一般用の竹木製の通称竹尺と大工用の曲尺(かねじゃく)との間に約4厘ほどの差があったので、1875年(明治8)これを平均して現在の33分の10メートルが確定した。

 1貫は1000匁で、匁は中国の銭貨を意味する「泉」の草書である。これを「もんめ」とよぶのは1銭つまり1文の目方からきたもので、唐の開元通宝銭の質量が宋(そう)代に実用の単位となったからである。律令は唐制に倣って斤、両を取り入れたが、これにも大小制があり、小は大の3分の1であったが、小は使われなくなり、10匁の両と160匁の斤が普及した。しかしその大きさには律令以来変化がない。室町時代から1000匁を1貫とする習慣ができ、斤と併用されるようになった。貫は銭貨を1000枚貫いた重さからきている。これが1891年(明治24)1キログラムの4分の15と定義されて今日に至っている。これらの単位の倍量・分量の単位にも、面積や体積の単位にも変遷があったが、現在計量法施行法にあがっている尺貫法の単位は次のとおりである。

(1)長さの単位 尺(33分の10メートル)、鯨尺尺(66分の25メートル)、毛、厘、分、寸、丈、間(6尺)、町(360尺)、里(1万2960尺)。

(2)重さ(質量)の単位 貫(3.75キログラム)、毛、厘、分、斤(0.16貫)。

(3)面積の単位 平方尺、歩(ぶ)または坪(121分の400平方メートル)、平方尺、平方寸、勺、合、畝(せ)(30歩)、反(300歩)、町(3000歩)。

(4)体積(容積)の単位 立方尺、升(133万1000分の2401立方メートル)、立方分、立方寸、立坪(216立方尺)、勺、合、斗、石。

 これらの単位は計量法施行法により1966年(昭和41)3月以後は取引および証明の計量には用いられないとされている。ただ匁だけは外国で真珠用に用いられているため、真珠に限って認められている。

[小泉袈裟勝]

[参照項目] | 度量衡

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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