This is a device for observing the meridian passage of stars near the zenith by photographic methods, and for determining time and measuring latitude changes. It is also called "PZT" from the initials of its English name, photographic zenith tube. As a device for observing the positions of fixed stars from the ground using visible light, it is the most accurate, along with the astrolabe and meridian ring. Its structure consists of a fixed lens facing vertically upwards, a mercury reflecting surface below it, and a small photographic plate directly below the lens. The high accuracy is achieved because the mercury surface automatically levels the object, eliminating the need for a level such as a bubble tube, the photographic plate is placed on the nodal surface of the lens, so there is no movement of the image due to tilting of the optical system, and automatic observation is possible since visual observation is not required. The initial purpose of the observation was to use it as a time observation device to keep inaccurate clocks accurate through celestial observation, but with the invention of atomic clocks, the purpose came to mean observing "changes in the Earth's rotation" including "changes in latitude." However, since the 1980s, highly accurate observations of the Earth's rotation have been made using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and PZT observations are no longer conducted today. [Koichi Nakajima] Located in the Automated Photoelectron Meridian Circumference Observatory (Astronomical Equipment Museum) at the Mitaka Campus of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. From 1952 (Showa 27) to 1988, it was used to determine Japan's standard time and observe the Earth's rotational changes. ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan"> National Astronomical Observatory Photo Zenith Tube Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
天頂付近における恒星の子午線通過を、写真方式によって観測し、時刻の決定、緯度変化の測定などを行うための装置。英語名photographic zenith tubeの頭文字から「PZT」ともよばれる。恒星位置を可視光によって地上から観測する装置としては、アストロラーベ、子午環と並んでもっとも高い精度を有する。構造は、鉛直上方を向いて固定されたレンズと、その下方の水銀反射面、およびレンズ直下の小さな写真乾板からなる。水銀面により自動水準が行われるため、気泡管のような水準器が不要であること、写真乾板がレンズの節面に置かれるため、光学系の傾きなどによる像の移動がおこらないこと、観測中は眼視を必要としないため自動観測が可能であること、などにより高精度が達成された。 観測目的は当初は、不正確な時計を天測によって正確に保持するための時刻観測機であったが、原子時計の発明により、その目的は「緯度変化」を含めた「地球自転変動」の観測という意味をもつようになった。ところが1980年代からは、超長基線電波干渉計(VLBI)による地球自転観測が高精度で行われるようになり、現在ではPZT観測は行われていない。 [中嶋浩一] 国立天文台三鷹キャンパス、自動光電子午環観測室(天文機器資料館)にある。1952年(昭和27)から1988年まで、日本の標準時の決定や地球自転変動の観測に使用された©国立天文台"> 国立天文台写真天頂筒 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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