Joyful march - Kankirikkodan

Japanese: 歓喜力行団 - かんきりっこうだん

...The huge German Labor Front, Deutsche Arbeitsfront (20 million members and 30,000-40,000 full-time employees), which was created after the labor unions were dissolved, was based on the idea of a "management community" (National Labor Order Act of January 1934), but in unit management, the previous managers were made "management leaders" and the "leadership principle" was introduced. In addition, an organization attached to the German Labor Front called "Strength through Joy Kraft durch Freude" (Joyful Force) organized leisure activities for workers (theatre, sports, travel). However, this cooperative relationship between the traditional ruling class and the Nazi Party leadership collapsed and was reorganized as rearmament progressed.

From Germany

...Furthermore, among the new urban middle class, an escape into a world of private pleasures progressed amid the growing penetration of American civilization, symbolized by the dream of the "people's car" (Volkswagen). This movement also captured a significant portion of the workers, due in part to the activities of the "Joyful March" of the German Labor Front, which expanded opportunities to enjoy leisure time. In this environment, the repeated attempts at resistance by the Social Democratic Party, especially the Communist Party, were undermined, as the independent world of workers that had existed since the days of the Anti-Socialist Laws was torn apart by repeated Nazi oppression....

From [Recreation]

…In conjunction with the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the World Leisure Congress was held, where the results of each country's efforts to make the best use of leisure time were exchanged under the slogan "Play Unites the Nations." The second (1936) of this conference was held in Germany, and the third (1938) in Italy, where the KDF (Kraft durch Freude, translated as "Kankiryokukodan" in Japan) and Dopolavóro (meaning "After Work") movements were introduced on a large scale. Both of these movements aimed to organize the leisure time of the people under the fascist regime and to train the mind and body. They spread their organizations throughout the region and workplace, and actively developed travel services, sports, and cultural activities for workers. …

From [Leisure]

...The obvious phenomenon of popularizing leisure in developed capitalist countries such as the United States and Western Europe began in the 1930s, when structural changes such as the New Deal and the Popular Front were a turning point. It is well known that Nazism responded by creating the KDF (Kundalini Dynasty) and placing great importance on the organization of leisure as part of its mass organization and control. In Japan, in the latter half of the Taisho period, several "research studies of popular entertainment," such as those represented by Gonda Yasunosuke (1887-1951), appeared, and in 1923 pioneering research such as "Research on Leisure Life" (Labor Survey Report No. 19), compiled by the Research Division of the Social Affairs Department of the City of Osaka, was carried out. ...

*Some of the terminology used in reference to the "Joyful Power Parade" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…また労働組合を解散した後につくられた巨大なドイツ労働戦線Deutsche Arbeitsfront(2000万人の構成員と3万～4万人の常勤職員)は，〈経営共同体〉を理念とした(1934年1月の〈国民的労働秩序法〉)が，単位経営ではそれまでの経営者が〈経営指導者〉とされ，〈指導者原理〉が導入された。また，ドイツ労働戦線付属の〈喜びを通じて力をKraft durch Freude〉(歓喜力行団)という組織は，労働者の余暇を組織した(観劇，スポーツ，旅行)。　しかしこうした伝統的支配層とナチ党指導部の協力関係は，再軍備の展開のなかで崩れ，再編成されることになる。…

【ドイツ】より

…また都市新中間層の間には，〈国民車(フォルクスワーゲン)〉の夢に象徴されるアメリカ文明のいっそうの浸透の中で，私的な享楽の世界への逃避が進んだ。そしてこうした動きは，余暇を享受する機会をひろげたドイツ労働戦線の〈歓喜力行団〉の活動もあって，労働者のかなりの部分をもとらえていった。こうした中で，社会民主党とりわけ共産党の側から繰り返し試みられた抵抗の動きも，社会主義者鎮圧法の時代以来の労働者独自の世界がナチスによるたび重なる弾圧で寸断されていったこととあいまって，その基盤を掘り崩されていくのである。…

【レクリエーション】より

…1932年のオリンピック･ロサンゼルス大会に合わせて，世界レクリエーション会議が開かれ，〈遊戯は諸国民を結合する〉という標語のもと，各国の余暇善用運動の成果が交換された。この会議の第2回(1936)はドイツで，第3回(1938)はイタリアで開かれ，それぞれKDF(Kraft durch Freude，日本では歓喜力行団と訳した)運動，ドーポラボーロDopolavóro(〈労働の後に〉の意)運動の紹介が大々的に行われた。いずれもファシズム体制のもと国民の余暇を組織化して，心身の鍛練をめざそうとしたもので，地域･職域に組織をはりめぐらし，勤労者の旅行サービス，スポーツ，文化活動などを活発に展開した。…

【レジャー】より

…アメリカ，西ヨーロッパなどの資本主義先進諸国でだれの目にも明らかなレジャーの大衆化現象がおこるのは，ニューディール政策，人民戦線などの構造変化を画期とする1930年代以降のことである。それに対応してナチズムもKDF(歓喜力行団)をつくり，大衆組織･統制の一環としてレジャーの組織化に大きな比重をおいていたことはよく知られている。日本でも大正期後半には権田保之助(1887‐1951)に代表されるようないくつかの〈大衆娯楽研究〉が顔をみせるし，1923年には大阪市社会部調査課編の《余暇生活の研究》(《労働調査報告》第19)といった先駆的な調査が行われるようになる。…

※「歓喜力行団」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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