A field of study that combines knowledge from related fields such as ethology and physiology to consider the social behavior of animals, including humans, as a result of an evolutionary process driven primarily by natural selection. It was proposed by American ecologist EO Wilson in 1971, and further developed in 1975 when he wrote Sociobiology. It is also called behavioral ecology when the focus is limited to animals other than humans. The following two ideas are important in sociobiology: (1) A gene that governs a behavior can spread if it sufficiently increases the reproductive success of genetically related individuals, even at the expense of the individual that owns it's own survival and reproduction. As a result of this process, called kin selection, altruistic behavior directed toward close relatives is more likely to evolve. Quantitatively, organisms evolve to behave in a way that increases what's called inclusive fitness, which is the sum of an organism's own reproductive success and the altruistic behavior of close relatives, weighted by the degree of kinship. (2) The fitness of a certain social behavior generally depends on the behavior of other individuals in the population. In this case, the behavior realized as a result of biological evolution should be an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in the sense that a small number of invaders who behave differently cannot spread. It can also be considered as a non-cooperative equilibrium solution in a game in which each individual in the population behaves optimally. Using models based on these concepts, we will study under what ecological conditions such behaviors as polygamy or monogamy, which parent cares for the offspring, and whether species form territories or swarms evolve; how cooperation is achieved between animals that are naturally competitive; and, for example, how self-sacrificial behavior in worker honeybees can evolve. Attempts are being made to deal with human society using a similar approach. However, while human behavior is acquired for the most part through learning, this learning ability itself has a genetic basis acquired as a result of evolution, and it is believed that the process of natural selection has contributed greatly to determining what kind of culture is likely to form. Important research topics include how much of the phenomena in cultural anthropology and sociology can be explained from the perspective of evolutionary ecology, and how the inheritance and spread of culture is intertwined with the function of genes. [Iwasa Tsune] "Social Biology" by E.O. Wilson, supervised by Yoshiaki Ito (1983-1985, Shisosha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヒトを含む動物の社会行動について、自然淘汰(とうた)をおもな要因とする進化過程の結果形成されたものとの考えに基づき、エソロジーや生理学など関連分野の知見を加えて研究する学問。アメリカの生態学者ウィルソンE. O. Wilsonが1971年に提唱し、さらに1975年『社会生物学』を著して展開した。対象をヒト以外の動物に限定して行動生態学ともいう。社会生物学では次の二つの考え方が重要である。 (1)行動を支配する遺伝子は、それを所有する個体自身の生存や繁殖を犠牲にしても、遺伝的に近縁な他個体の繁殖成功度を十分に高めることができれば広がりうる。この血縁淘汰kin selectionとよばれるプロセスの結果、近縁個体に向けられた利他的行動は進化しやすいことになる。定量的には、生物が自身の繁殖成功度に近縁者の利他的行動を血縁の度合いで重みづけして加え合わせた量で、包括適応度inclusive fitnessとよばれるものを大きくする行動をとるように進化する。 (2)ある社会行動のもたらす適応度は、一般に集団中の他個体の行動に依存する。このときに生物進化の結果実現する行動は、それと異なる行動をとる少数の侵入者が広がりえないという意味で進化的に安定な戦略evolutionary stable strategy(ESS)となっているはずである。それは、集団中の個体がそれぞれに最適の挙動をとるゲームにおける非協力平衡解ともみなしうる。 これらの概念に基づいたモデルを用いて、一夫多妻か一夫一妻か、いずれの性の親が子を世話するか、縄張り(テリトリー)をつくるか群れをなすかなどが、それぞれいかなる生態的条件下で進化するのかを、また本来、競争関係にある動物の間にどのようにして協力が成立し、さらには、たとえばミツバチで働きバチの自己犠牲的行動が進化しうるかを研究する。 同様のアプローチで人間社会を扱う試みがなされている。ただし、ヒトの行動は大部分学習によって獲得されるのであるが、その学習能力自体には進化の結果得られた遺伝的基礎があり、どのような文化を形成しやすいかの決定には自然淘汰のプロセスが大きく寄与してきたと考える。文化人類学・社会学における現象のどれだけが進化生態学の観点より解明されうるか、また文化の継承・伝播(でんぱ)と遺伝子の働きがどのように絡まっているかは重要な研究課題である。 [巌佐 庸] 『E・O・ウィルソン著、伊藤嘉昭監訳『社会生物学』全5分冊(1983~1985・思索社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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