In a broader sense, it refers to an ideal image of society that has been sought in the thought and movement to overcome the negative phenomena and their causes brought about by capitalism, such as poverty, unemployment, class exploitative relations, social inequality, the law of the jungle, and moral decadence. This refers to a society in which the lives of members of society are socially guaranteed and enriched in a spirit of fraternity and solidarity, and social justice and equality are realized. The method for realizing this is public ownership or public management of the means of production, and the goal is to improve the welfare of the people, including full employment. On the other hand, in the narrow sense, it refers to the societies created by the power of the Communist Party in the former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, China, etc. Its ideological foundation is Marxism-Leninism, and its definition of socialist society is as follows: (1) After the collapse of primitive communism, the history of human society passed through class societies such as ancient slavery, medieval feudalism, and modern capitalism, and then moved toward communism as a classless society. (2) In the early stages of communism, there are still remnants of class society and there is not enough productive capacity to dispel them. Such a society is called a socialist society. (3) A strong state is needed to protect this society from the resurgence of capitalism and foreign interference. (4) Furthermore, in order to increase productivity and create the conditions for communism, economic management based on state planning is necessary. For such ideological reasons, socialist society was organized under very strong state control, and civil liberties were greatly restricted or suppressed. Ideologically, the role of the socialist state was to prepare for communism, in which society would be managed by the self-governance of the people, and the state would become unnecessary and die out. However, in reality, the state became increasingly bloated, while civil society shrunk. This type of socialism is called "state socialism" in a critical sense. In response to this, "self-governing socialism" was conceived in the former Yugoslavia, which advocated the formation of a decentralized society through the self-governance of the people, but even in this country, the control of the Communist Party and the state largely took over society, although not to the same extent as in the Soviet Union. From another perspective, in "national socialism," society has been placed under the protection of the state. It is characterized as a paternalistic society. However, on the other hand, the state's bureaucratic apparatus lacks the ability to flexibly respond to the needs of society, so the people must satisfy their living needs privately, and so they develop informal networks separate from public institutions. Therefore, society under "national socialism" is made up of the duality of public institutions and private networks. Generally speaking, the dilemmas that socialist societies face relate to the nature of the state. The first is the relationship between the state and civil liberties. This has been a particular problem in "state socialist" countries, but "social democratic" countries that have envisioned socialist society in the context of the welfare state have successfully built this relationship. The second is the relationship between the state and economic efficiency. The economic inefficiency of socialist societies is often pointed out from the perspective that state intervention hampers economic vitality and clogs up society. Efficiency is also often an issue under "social democracy," and is one of the main points of criticism of socialism from a neoliberal standpoint. [Akihiro Ishikawa] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広義には、貧困や失業、階級的搾取関係や社会的不平等、弱肉強食の競争や道徳的退廃など、資本主義がもたらした否定的諸現象とその諸原因を克服しようという思想と運動のなかで目ざされてきた一つの理想的社会像をいう。これは友愛と連帯の精神で社会成員の生活を社会的に保障し充実させ,社会的公正と平等を実現させた社会を意味し,それを実現するための方法は生産手段の公的所有ないし公的管理にあり,その目標は完全雇用を含む国民福祉の向上に置かれる。 他方、狭義には、旧ソ連、東欧諸国、中国などで共産党の権力によってつくられた社会をさす。そのイデオロギー的土台をなすのはマルクス・レーニン主義であるが、それによる社会主義社会の規定は次のようになされた。 (1)人類社会の歴史は原始共産制の崩壊後、古代奴隷制、中世封建制、近代資本制という階級社会を経て、無階級社会としての共産主義に向かう。 (2)共産主義の初期段階にはまだ階級社会の残滓(ざんし)があり、それを払拭するに十分な生産力が備わっていない。このような社会を社会主義社会という。 (3)この社会を資本主義の復活や外国勢力の干渉から守っていくためには強力な国家権力が必要とされる。 (4)また、生産力を高め共産主義の条件を整えるためには、国家の計画による経済運営が必要とされる。 このようなイデオロギー的理由づけから、社会主義社会は国家の非常に強力な統制の下に編成されることとなり、市民的自由は大きく制限ないし抑圧される社会となった。イデオロギー上では社会主義国家の役割は共産主義を準備することにあり、共産主義になれば社会は民衆の自治で管理されるようになって、国家は不用となり死滅するとされたが、現実には国家はますます肥大化し、市民社会は萎縮(いしゅく)した。この種の社会主義は批判的意味合いを込めて「国家社会主義」(state/socialism)とよばれる。これに対して民衆の自治による分権的な社会形成を主張して「自主管理社会主義」(self‐governing/socialism)が旧ユーゴスラビアで構想されたが、この国でもソ連ほどではないにせよやはり共産党とその国家による統制が社会を大きく覆った。 「国家社会主義」においては、別な面からみれば、社会は国家の庇護(ひご)の下に置かれてきた。それは親権的社会(paternalistic society)として特徴づけられる。しかし反面、国家の官僚機構は社会の需要に柔軟に対応する能力に欠け、そのため民衆は私的に生活ニーズの充足をはからねばならず、そこに公的な制度とは別にインフォーマルなネットワークを発達させる。したがって「国家社会主義」下における社会は公的制度と私的ネットワークとの二重性によって成立つ。 一般的にいって、社会主義社会が抱えるジレンマは国家のありかたとかかわる。その第一は国家と市民的自由との関係である。これはとくに「国家社会主義」の国々で問題となった点であるが、福祉国家の文脈で社会主義社会を展望してきた「社会民主主義」諸国ではこの関係を成功裏に構築してきた。第二は国家と経済的効率の関係である。国家の介入が経済の活力を阻害し社会を閉塞(へいそく)化するという見地から、しばしば社会主義社会の経済的非効率が指摘される。効率性は「社会民主主義」下でもしばしば問題とされ、新自由主義の立場からなされる社会主義批判の主要な論点の一つとなっている。 [石川晃弘] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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