Jain Art

Jainism is a form of art created for religious ceremonies and educational activities based on Jain doctrine, and is found only in the Indian subcontinent. Compared to Buddhism, which declined early in India, Jainism arose around the same time and has continued to the present day, but unlike Buddhism and Hinduism, Jainism does not leave many art remains. The oldest rock-cut temples are the Khandagiri and Udayagiri caves in Orissa, which are thought to have been built between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD, followed by the rock-cut temples of Udayagiri (5th century), Badami (7th century), Aihole (7th to 8th centuries), and Ellora (8th to 10th centuries) in Madhya Pradesh, all of which have caves alongside Hindu temples. Another example of a stone-cut temple is the Dasavatara Temple (10th to 12th century) in Deoghar, northern India. The Meguti Temple (634) in Aihole is a representative ruin, not only for its architecture but also for its excellent sculptures. Many of the sculptures made in ancient times were influenced by Buddhist statues, and by the 8th century, sculptures incorporating various Hindu deities were made, with Ambika statues in particular, seated on a lion with a child on her lap, being particularly common. There was a large Jain temple in Mathura during the Kushan Empire, and many early sculptures have been excavated from the ruins, among which are stone slabs with reliefs that are unique to Jainism and are known as votive tablets. Murals can be found at Sittannavasal and Ellora in Tamil Nadu, and the 11th century illustrated manuscripts of Buddhist scriptures, which were actively produced in western India, were the forerunners of Indian miniature painting.

[Shinichi Nagai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ジャイナ教の教義に基づき、宗教儀礼、教化活動を目的としてつくられた美術で、インド亜大陸だけにみられる。仏教がインドでは早く衰退したのに比べ、ジャイナ教は仏教とほぼ同じころにおこり現代まで続いているが、仏教やヒンドゥー教のように美術の遺品は多くない。石窟(せっくつ)寺院のもっとも古いものは、オリッサ州のカンダギリ・ウダヤギリの諸窟で、紀元前1世紀から紀元後2世紀の造営と考えられ、マディヤ・プラデシュ州のウダヤギリ（5世紀）、バーダーミ（7世紀）、アイホーレ（7～8世紀）、エローラ（8～10世紀）などの石窟がこれに次ぎ、いずれもヒンドゥー教寺院と窟を並べている。そのほか石積み寺院では北インド・デーオーガルのダサバターラ寺院（10～12世紀）がある。なおアイホーレのメーグティ寺院（634）は建築ばかりでなく、優れた彫刻を伴う代表的な遺構である。彫刻は古くは仏像の影響を受けてつくられたものが多く、8世紀ころになるとヒンドゥー教の諸神像を取り入れたものがつくられ、とくに獅子(しし)に座し子供を膝(ひざ)にのせるアンビカーの像が多くみられる。クシャーナ朝のマトゥラにジャイナ教の大堂があり、その遺跡から初期の彫像が数多く発掘されているが、それに混じってジャイナ教特有の奉献板と称する浮彫りの石板がある。壁画はタミル・ナド州のシッタンナバーシャルやエローラにあり、西インドで盛んにつくられた11世紀の挿絵入り経典写本は、インド細密画の先駆をなすものである。

［永井信一］

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