Generally, it refers to plants known as conifers, many of which have distinctive leaves, and are also called coniferous plants. In a broad sense, it includes the Taxaceae family, but in a narrow sense, it refers to conifers excluding the three families of Taxaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Celastraceae, which have berry-like cones. They are shrubs or tall trees, and some, such as Sequoia sempervirens , can grow to be as tall as 100 meters. The wood has well-developed secondary xylem, with many tracheids and tracheid fibers and little parenchyma, making it hard. The leaves are needle-shaped and sometimes scale-like. There is usually a single vein, and many have densely packed stomata on the underside of the leaf that appear white. The vascular bundles that enter the leaf emerge as one or two leaf scars (vascular bundles that branch off from the stem and enter the leaf) from a leaf gap (a gap left in the vascular bundle ring of the stem when the leaf branches off from the stem) in the vascular bundle ring (central pillar) of the stem. The xylem and leaves have resin canals that secrete resin when injured. Fossils of this resin are highly valued as amber. The distribution of resin canals in leaves is an important characteristic for classifying genera. The flowers are dioecious, with many flowers growing on a single axis to form a cone. Male cones have two to several anthers inside the bract scales. The pollen has two air sacs (bag-like or band-like appendages) and is wind-pollinated. For example, in the Japanese red pine, yellow pollen is carried away by the wind in early spring. Pollen enters the pollen chamber of the exposed ovule, and fertilization occurs when the pollen tube extends in September. The sperm nuclei in the pollen tube are not cilia and are not motile. Female cones have seed scales that bear ovules in addition to the bract scales, and both serve as protective organs for the ovule. There is only one integument. After fertilization, when the seed ripens, the lignified bract scales form a cone. When the bract scales open and the seeds scatter, they become "pine cones," which are also used in crafts. The seeds are flattened, and many have wings so they are dispersed by the wind. Some species produce anywhere from two to several cotyledons, but the number is consistent depending on the species. Conifers appeared on Earth in the Carboniferous Period at the end of the Paleozoic Era, and flourished most in the Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with around 450 species from five families currently living. All except for the Araucaria family are found in Japan, and many are endemic. The Pinaceae family is found mainly in Asia and North America, with the fir Abies firma and the larch Larix kaempferi endemic to Japan, growing in high mountains. The Cryptomeria family is found in East Asia and North America, and the timber-producing cedar Cryptomeria japonica is endemic to Japan. The Cupressaceae family has 22 genera distributed almost worldwide, half in the northern and southern hemispheres. The genera Chamaecyparis, Thujopsis dolabrata, Arborvitae, Juniperus, and Scutellaria are native to Japan. The cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa is a timber-producing cypress endemic to Japan. The Sciadopitys family consists of only one genus and species, the Sciadopitys verticillata, which is endemic to Japan and is found from Fukushima Prefecture to Miyazaki Prefecture. [Akiko Sugiyama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的に、針葉樹とよばれる植物をさし、葉に特徴のあるものが多く、松柏(しょうはく)植物ともいう。広義にはイチイ科も含むが、狭義にはイチイ科、マキ科、イヌガヤ科のいわゆる球果が液果状になる3科を除く針葉樹をいう。低木または高木で、セコイアスギSequoia sempervirensのように100メートルの巨木となるものもある。材は二次木部がよく発達し、仮道管と仮道管繊維が多く、柔組織が少ないので堅い材をつくる。葉は針状でときに鱗片(りんぺん)状になる。葉脈は普通1本で、葉の裏には気孔が密集して白くみえる条線をもつものが多い。葉へ入る維管束は、茎の維管束環(中心柱)にある一つの葉隙(ようげき)(茎から葉が分岐するときに茎の維管束環に残す欠所)から1本か2本の葉跡(茎から分かれて葉に入る維管束)となって出る。木部や葉には樹脂道(じゅしどう)があり、傷をつけると樹脂(やに)を分泌する。この樹脂の化石はこはくとして珍重される。葉の樹脂道の分布のようすは属を分類する特徴として重要である。花は雌雄異花、1本の軸を中心に多数の花をつけて球花をつくる。雄の球花は包鱗(ほうりん)の内側に2個から数個の葯(やく)をつける。花粉は2個の気嚢(きのう)(袋状や帯状の付属物)をもち、風媒花である。たとえばアカマツでは早春、黄色の花粉を風にのせて飛ばす。花粉は裸出する胚珠(はいしゅ)の花粉室に入り、9月ごろ花粉管を伸ばして受精する。花粉管内の精核は繊毛がなく運動性をもたない。雌の球花は包鱗のほかに胚珠をつける種鱗があり、ともに胚珠の保護器官となっている。珠皮は1枚のみである。受精後、種子が熟すと木化した包鱗が球果をつくる。包鱗が開いて種子が散ったものが「まつぼっくり」で、細工物などにも利用される。種子は扁平(へんぺい)で、多くは翼をもち風で散布される。子葉は2枚から数枚を生じるものまであるが、種類により、その数は一定している。 球果植物は古生代末の石炭紀に地球上に出現し、中生代のジュラ紀にもっとも繁栄した植物で、5科450種ほどが現生している。ナンヨウスギ科以外はすべて日本に分布し、固有種も多い。マツ科はおもにアジアと北アメリカに分布し、モミAbies firmaやカラマツLarix kaempferiは日本の固有種で高山に生育する。スギ科は東アジアと北アメリカに分布し、有用材のスギCryptomeria japonicaは日本の固有種である。ヒノキ科は南半球と北半球に半数ずつ、ほぼ全世界に22属が分布する。日本にはヒノキ属、アスナロ属、クロベ属、ビャクシン属、ネズミサシ属が自生する。ヒノキChamaecyparis obtusaは日本固有の有用材である。コウヤマキ科は1属1種の日本特産種コウヤマキSciadopitys verticillataのみで福島県から宮崎県まで分布している。 [杉山明子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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