Ice crystals that adhere to the ground or the surface of blades of grass in the early mornings of winter. They form when the surface of an object cools due to radiation cooling, and water vapor in the air sublimates directly onto it. When water vapor condenses onto an object and becomes dew, and that dew cools and freezes, it is called frozen dew. This is ice that first passed through the water state of dew, and is not formed by water vapor directly sublimating, but when it is difficult to tell the difference, it is also called frost. We say that frost is falling, but frost does not fall from the air; it is ice that is formed on objects by invisible water vapor in the air. Frost can form not only on the surface of outdoor objects, but also in the gaps between piles of snow and inside snow-covered huts. This type of frost is called internal frost or frost in the snow. Frost (or frozen dew) that forms when water vapor in the indoor air sublimates onto cooled window glass or when dew on the window glass freezes is called window frost. It often forms on windows in bathrooms and toilets. [Masaji Ota] Frost ShapeThe shape of frost is hexagonal, just like snow crystals. Typical shapes include needles, feathers, dendrites, plates, columns, and cups, but many are amorphous and have no clear shape. Even within the same town or village, there are places where frost is more likely to form. At night, cold air flows to lower areas, just like water flows through a valley. Frost is more likely to form in such places, and these are called frost paths. Also, in depressions, cold air tends to accumulate, just like water accumulates. These are called frost holes. [Masaji Ota] Frost seasonThe first frost is the first frost of the year that occurs from autumn to winter, and the day of the first frost is called the "first day of frost." The first day of frost generally occurs earlier inland and later along the coast. In average years, it occurs in October in Hokkaido, November in the Kanto region, and the latter half of November in Kyushu. The last frost is the last frost of the year that occurs in spring, and generally occurs later inland and earlier along the coast. In average years, it occurs in May in Hokkaido, March to April in the Kanto region, and March in Kyushu. Both the first and last frosts vary considerably from year to year. For example, in Tokyo, the average first frost is November 27, but in the earliest year it was October 21. The average last frost is March 20, but in the latest year it was May 16. Regarding late frosts in early spring, there is a saying called "the 88th night's farewell frost (or wasurefrost)," which serves as a guideline for agricultural work to be on the lookout for the risk of late frosts up until the 88th day after the beginning of spring, that is, around May 2nd or 3rd. [Masaji Ota] Frost damageIn places where frost is likely to form, crops can be damaged. This is called frost damage or frost damage. The extent of damage varies depending on the type of crop and its developmental stage. In terms of developmental stage, frost damage occurs at the beginning of growth (spring) or at maturity (autumn). Spring frost damage is called late frost damage, and autumn frost damage is called first frost damage. Frost damage can cause damage over a wide area overnight, and can also cause great economic losses. For example, frost damage occurred in Miyagi, Yamagata, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Yamanashi, Nagano, and other prefectures from April 28 to 30, 1964 (Showa 39), affecting mulberry fields of about 20,000 hectares, orchards of about 15,000 hectares, and wheat fields of about 10,000 hectares. It goes without saying that frost damage is particularly severe in frost paths and frost holes. However, there are also areas where frost damage does not occur. Examples include mountainsides, south-facing slopes, and near the sea or lakes; such places are also called frost-free zones. There are various measures to prevent frost damage. Examples include the blowing air method and the fumigation method. With the blowing air method, large fans are attached to poles about 10 meters high facing downwards, and many of them are placed in orchards. When a frost warning is issued by the nearest weather station, the fans are operated from midnight to early morning, and the relatively warm air near the top of the pole is sent toward the ground, where it mixes with the cold air near the ground, preventing the temperature from dropping. [Masaji Ota] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
冬の早朝などに地面や草の葉の表面に付着する氷の結晶。地物などの表面が放射冷却などによって冷え、その上に空気中の水蒸気が直接に昇華してできる。水蒸気がいったん地物に凝結して露になり、その露が冷えて凍結したものを凍露(とうろ)とよぶ。これは、露という水の状態をいったん通って氷になったもので、水蒸気が直接に昇華してできたものではないが、見分けがむずかしい場合にはこれも霜とよぶ。 霜が降るなどというが、霜は空中を降ってくるのではなく、目に見えない空気中の水蒸気が地物の上につくりだす氷である。霜は屋外の地物の表面だけではなく、積雪のすきまや、雪に覆われた小屋の内部などでもできる。このような霜を内部霜または雪中霜とよぶ。室内の空気中の水蒸気が冷えた窓ガラスに昇華したり、窓ガラスについた露が凍結したりしてできる霜(または凍露)を窓霜とよぶ。洗面所や便所などの窓によくできる。 [大田正次] 霜の形霜の形は雪の結晶と同じく六方晶系である。代表的なものには針状、羽毛状、樹枝状、板状、柱状、コップ状などがあるが、形のはっきりしない無定形のものが多い。同じ町や村の中でも、場所によって霜のできやすい所がある。夜間冷えた空気は、ちょうど谷間を水が流れるように低いほうへ流れる。このような場所では霜ができやすく、霜道(しもみち)とよばれる。また凹地ではちょうど水がたまるように冷えた空気がたまりやすい。これを霜穴(しもあな)という。 [大田正次] 霜の季節初霜(はつしも)は秋から冬にかけてその年に初めて発生する霜で、初霜の日を「霜の初日」という。霜の初日は一般に内陸では早く、沿岸では遅い。平年値でみると、北海道では10月、関東地方では11月、九州地方では11月の後半である。終霜(しゅうそう)は春におこるその年の最後の霜で、一般に内陸では遅く、沿岸では早い。平年値でみると、北海道では5月、関東地方では3~4月、九州地方では3月である。初霜も終霜も年によってかなり平年値と異なる。たとえば東京では、初霜の平年値は11月27日であるが、もっとも早い年には10月21日であった。また終霜では平年値は3月20日であるが、もっとも遅い年では5月16日であった。なお春先の晩霜(おそじも)については「八十八夜の別れ霜(または忘れ霜)」という言い伝えがあり、立春を過ぎて88日目、すなわち5月2、3日ごろまでは晩霜のおそれがあるから注意することという、農作業上の目安となっている。 [大田正次] 霜の害霜ができやすい場所では農作物が被害を受けることがある。これを霜害(そうがい)または凍霜害という。被害の程度は農作物の種類やその発育期によっていろいろである。発育期についてみると生育開始期(春)あるいは成熟期(秋)におこる。春の霜害を晩霜害、秋の霜害を初霜害などという。霜害は一夜にして広い地域に災害をもたらすので、経済的にも大きい損失を与えることがある。たとえば、1964年(昭和39)4月28~30日に発生した、宮城、山形、福島、茨城、栃木、群馬、山梨、長野など各県の霜害では、被害面積は桑畑約2万ヘクタール、果樹園約1万5000ヘクタール、麦畑約1万ヘクタールなどとなっている。霜道や霜穴ではとくに霜害が激しいことはいうまでもない。これに対して霜害がおこらない地域もある。たとえば山の中腹、南向きの斜面、海や湖の近くなどはその例で、このような場所を無霜害地帯ともよんでいる。 霜害防止にはさまざまな対策がある。送風法や燻煙法(くんえんほう)などはその一例である。送風法は、大型の扇風機を高さ10メートルくらいのポール上に下向きに取り付け、果樹園などに多数配置する。最寄りの気象台から霜注意が出た場合には、夜半から早朝にかけて扇風機を動かし、ポール上付近の比較的暖かい空気を地面に向けて送り、地面付近の冷たい空気と混合させて、気温の低下を防ぐ仕組みである。 [大田正次] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Shimoichi [town] - Shimoichi
A peptide hormone. It is found in the pancreas an...
A species of moss in the Polytrichum family. It h...
This equation shows the relationship between the ...
...As the Christian kingdoms declined, several Is...
An indigenous group living on Tierra del Fuego, t...
A general term for snakes with venom glands and fa...
… [Medical Use] X-ray photography is the most fam...
The degree of fastness of dyes to various external...
Also known as the cynogale. An aquatic mammal of t...
… [Shoichi Miyamoto]. … *Some of the terminology ...
...It is also important industrially in relation ...
Please see the International Union of Geodesy and...
A city in southwestern Nigeria, about 40 km northe...
…Generally, it means a carcinoma that originates ...
…In China, a gate with two pillars connected at t...