Also known as ribonucleic acid. A polymer of many ribonucleotides, it is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells. Together with DNA, it controls heredity and protein synthesis. It is classified into messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA, and viral RNA based on function. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using DNA as a template, receives the genetic information, moves to the cytoplasm, and binds to ribosomes. tRNA binds to specific amino acids and carries them to the ribosome. There, proteins with specific amino acid sequences are synthesized according to the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA. Ribosomal RNA works to maintain the structure of the ribosome as a site of synthesis. Viral RNA includes double-stranded RNA (reoviruses of mammals and birds, polyhedrosis virus of silkworms, etc.) and single-stranded RNA (influenza virus, poliovirus, etc.), and some have the function of transmitting genetic information to offspring as genes like DNA and the function of expressing traits as a template, as well as the function of mRNA. → Related topics Antisense RNA | Gene | Ochoa | Nucleic acid | Reverse transcriptase | Khorana | Sanger | Salivary chromosome | Nucleotide | Molecular evolution | Polysome | Ribozyme | Ribose | Retrovirus Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
リボ核酸とも。リボヌクレオチドが多数重合したもので,細胞の核や細胞質中に存在。DNAとともに遺伝やタンパク質合成を支配する。機能からメッセンジャーRNA(mRNA),転移RNA(tRNA),リボソームRNA,ウイルスRNAに分類。mRNAはDNAを鋳型として核内で合成され,その遺伝情報を受け取って細胞質に移動し,リボソームと結合する。tRNAは特定のアミノ酸と結合してリボソームに運ぶ。そこでmRNAのもつヌクレオチドの配列順序に従って特定のアミノ酸配列をもつタンパク質が合成される。リボソームRNAは合成の場としてのリボソームの構造の保持等に働く。ウイルスRNAには2本鎖RNA(哺乳(ほにゅう)類や鳥類のレオウイルス,カイコの多角体病ウイルスなど)と1本鎖RNA(インフルエンザウイルス,ポリオウイルスなど)があり,DNAのような遺伝子として遺伝情報を子孫に伝える機能および鋳型として形質発現のもとになる機能をもつほか,mRNAとしての機能をもつものがある。 →関連項目アンチセンスRNA|遺伝子|オチョア|核酸|逆転写酵素|コラナ|サンガー|唾腺染色体|ヌクレオチド|分子進化工学|ポリソーム|リボザイム|リボース|レトロウイルス 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
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