Toneri - Toneri

In the latter half of the 6th century, kuni no miyatsuko (provincial governors) or their families were lower-ranking government officials who were sent to the Imperial Court to serve as guards for the Emperor and Imperial family and to perform miscellaneous tasks. These toneri were led by powerful kuni no miyatsuko or their families' toneri no atai (said toneri), and the toneribe served as toneri's attendants, shicho (cooks), or paid the toneri's duties. In 673 (the second year of Emperor Tenmu), it was decided that those who entered the service would first serve as otoneri (great toneri), and once they had acquired the habit of being loyal to the Emperor, their talents would be tested and they would be appointed to other government offices. This was an attempt to spread the Emperor's control over each government office. The Yoro Code required descendants of people of the 5th rank or higher to become Udoneri (90 people), Daishō Toneri (800 people each), Togu Toneri (600 people), and Chūgū Toneri (400 people, all of which were civil servants), and required legitimate or illegitimate children of people of the 6th rank or lower to become Daishō Toneri and Samurai Hyōe (400 people each) of military officers, and conscripted ordinary farmers into Eji (called "toneri"), requiring toneri from all classes to provide tribute, and expanding the tribute area to the whole country. The number of Eji who enacted the code is unknown, but in 805 (Enryaku 24), there were 400 Eji in the Emonfu and 600 Eji in the Daishō Ejifu.

Becoming a toneri was considered an important course for those who wanted to serve as Ritsuryo officials, and the Daitoneriyō (the Bureau of Tonohira), Togubō (the Palace Chamberlain), Chuguishiki (the Palace Chamberlain), Hyoefu (the Palace Chamberlain), etc. served as training institutions for lower-ranking officials and as a source of personnel for other government offices. As non-ritsuryo officials, there were toneri of the Kokoguishiki (later Shibichudai toneri, Kongukan toneri), toneri of the Juto (the Sword-Giving Toneri, later Jutoue toneri, Konoe toneri, Sa Konoe toneri), and toneri of the Chue (later Ukonoe toneri). Under the Ritsuryo system, the chonai (awarded to officials in the capital) and shijin (awarded to local officials) of ministers' retainers were also called 'toneri', but the chonai and shijin from before the Ritsuryo system that appear in works such as the "Nihon Shoki" were written using terminology borrowed from the Ritsuryo system, and the system in ancient times is unknown.

[Kaoru Inoue]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

6世紀後半ころ国造(くにのみやつこ)またはその一族で朝廷に貢進され、天皇や皇族の護衛と雑役を勤めた下級官人。この舎人を統率したのは有力な国造やその一族の舎人直(とねりのあたい)であり、舎人部は舎人の従者・廝丁(しちょう)（炊事夫）を勤めるか、舎人の課役を負担したらしい。673年（天武天皇2）仕官する者をまず大舎人(おおとねり)として仕えさせ、天皇に忠節を尽くす習慣が体得されたのち、才能を試験して他の官司の職に任用することとした。これにより、天皇による支配を各官司に浸透させることを図ったのである。養老令(ようろうりょう)では、五位以上の人の子孫を内舎人(うどねり)（定員90人）、左右大舎人（各800人）、東宮(とうぐう)舎人（600人）、中宮(ちゅうぐう)舎人（400人、以上文官系舎人）に、内六位以下八位以上の人の嫡子または庶子を大舎人と武官の左右兵衛(ひょうえ)（各400人）に貢進させ、一般農民を衛士(えじ)（「とねり」とよぶ）に徴集し、舎人をあらゆる階級から貢進させ、貢進地域も全国化している。衛士の令制定員は不明で、805年（延暦24）では衛門府(えもんふ)衛士は400人、左右衛士府の衛士は各600人である。

　舎人になることは律令官人として仕官する者が通る一つの重要なコースとされ、大舎人寮(りょう)、春宮坊(とうぐうぼう)、中宮職(しき)、兵衛府などは下級官人の養成機関の役割を担い、他の官司に対する官人補給源をなした。令外官(りょうげのかん)として皇后宮職舎人（のち紫微中台(しびちゅうだい)舎人、坤宮官(こんぐうかん)舎人）、授刀(じゅとう)舎人（のち授刀衛(じゅとうえ)舎人、近衛(このえ)舎人、左(さ)近衛舎人）、中衛(ちゅうえ)舎人（のち右近衛舎人）などがある。令制で諸臣の従者の帳内(ちょうない)（京官に授ける）、資人(しじん)（地方官に賜る）も「とねり」とよばれるが、『日本書紀』などにみえる令制以前の帳内・資人は令制用語を借りて記されたもので、古い時代の制度は不詳である。

［井上　薫］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例