Karl Marx's major work that clarified the fundamental content of capitalist economy. One of the classics of social science that grasped the economic foundations of modern society from a historical and critical perspective. [Sumio Shigeta] Formation processIn the mid-1840s, through his critical examination of Hegel's philosophy of law, Marx established that the basis of human social relations is real economic relations. He further adopted the socialist perspective that sees modern society as an alienated social form that needs to be transformed. As he continued his study of the economics of Smith, Ricardo, James Mill, and others, he established a materialist view of history that sees human society in terms of the historical forms and changes in the mode of production that correspond to the level of development of material productive forces. Using this as his "guiding thread," he began to elucidate capitalist economic relations based on an understanding of the "capitalist mode of production" as a historical form unique to modern society. After his exile in London in 1849, he used the library of the British Museum to study a huge amount of documents and materials, and wrote the "1857-58 Manuscript" (Grundrisse), also known as "The Original Capital." The first part of the manuscript, "The Chapter on Money," was published as the first volume of "Critique of Political Economy" (1859), but the publication plan was later changed. Thus, "Capital" was rewritten as an independent work, and the first volume was published by Meisner Bookshop in Hamburg with the subtitle "Critique of Political Economy" (1867). It sold 1,000 copies. After Marx's death in March 1883, Engels edited the remaining manuscripts and published the second volume in 1885 and the third volume in 1894. The part on the history of the theory, which was planned for the fourth volume, was published by Kautsky after Engels' death as "History of the Theory of Surplus Value" between 1905 and 1910. [Sumio Shigeta] ContentsVolume 1, "The Production Process of Capital," begins with an explanation of commodities and money, which are the basic factors and prerequisites of capitalist economic relations, and then discusses capitalist production, focusing on the theory of surplus value, which is the production of surplus value by wage laborers and its acquisition by capitalists, and then clarifies the wages received by workers, the accumulation of capital, original accumulation as the creation of capitalist relations, and the historical trends of capitalist development. Volume 2, "The Circulation Process of Capital," explains the circulation of capital, the effects caused by the turnover of capital, and the reproduction of total social capital as the entanglement of individual capitals, which are situations that arise when capital passes through not only the production process but also the distribution process. Volume 3, "The Total Process of Capitalist Production," explains how surplus value created in the production process is transformed into various real forms such as profits, interest, and rent, each of which takes on its own unique form. First, the transformation of surplus value into profit is explained, followed by the formation of average profits in capital competition and the tendency of the profit rate to decline during capitalist development.Then, commercial capital and commercial profits, interest and credit, and land ownership and rent under capitalism are clarified.Finally, in the final part, "Income and Its Sources," it is reaffirmed that wages, interest (or profits) and rent are nothing but historical forms unique to modern society based on capitalist production relations, and a comprehensive understanding is given of the three basic classes in capitalist society: wage workers, capitalists and landowners. [Sumio Shigeta] significanceA second revised edition of Das Kapital was published during Marx's lifetime in French (1872-75) and Russian (1872) translations which included some changes and additions, but after his death it was translated and published in dozens of languages as the labor and socialist movements developed. Various Japanese translations have been published, including a partial translation by Matsuura Kaname in 1919 (Taisho 8) and a complete translation by Takabatake Motoyuki (1920-24), and there are now a huge number of research books on Das Kapital. It has been more than 100 years since the first volume of "Capital" was published, and in that time, capitalism has evolved from free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism, and further to modern capitalism, which is showing new aspects, with structures and dynamics that "Capital" does not explain. In that sense, "Capital" shows the limitations of its time, as it was written mainly on British capitalism in the mid-19th century, at the height of free competition. However, as long as the basic content of capitalism, such as its productive base, classes, and factors, remains essentially capitalist, the practical significance of "Capital" will not be lost. "Capital" continues to have a huge influence, despite the constant development and change in reality and the various criticisms it has received as a theory of economics and social science. [Sumio Shigeta] "Das Kapital" (translated by Mukaizaka Itsuro, Iwanami Bunko / translated by Okazaki Jiro, Otsuki Shoten, Kokumin Bunko) ▽ "Dictionary of Das Kapital, edited by Kuruma Samezo et al. (1966, Aoki Shoten)" ▽ "The Establishment of Das Kapital, edited by the Society for the History of Economic Thought (1967, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Story of Das Kapital, edited by Sugihara Shiro and Sato Kinzaburo (1975, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "An Introduction to Marx's Das Kapital , by Yamanaka Ryuji et al. (Yuhikaku Shinsho)" ▽ "Letter from Das Kapital, by Marx and Engels, translated by Okazaki Jiro (Otsuki Shoten, Kokumin Bunko)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
資本主義経済の基本的内容を明らかにしたカール・マルクスの主著。近代社会の経済的基礎を歴史的かつ批判的にとらえた社会科学の古典の一つ。 [重田澄男] 成立過程1840年代なかばにヘーゲルの法哲学の批判的検討によって、人間の社会関係の基礎は現実的な経済関係であることを確定したマルクスは、さらに、近代社会を変革さるべき疎外された社会形態であるととらえる社会主義的見地を自らのものにし、スミス、リカード、ジェームズ・ミルなどの経済学の研究を進めるなかで、人間社会を物質的生産力の発展水準に応じた生産様式の歴史的諸形態とその移り変わりにおいてとらえる唯物史観を確定し、それを「導きの糸」としながら、近代社会に特有の歴史的形態としての「資本主義的生産様式」把握を基軸として資本主義的経済諸関係の解明を行うようになる。 とくに1849年ロンドン亡命後は大英博物館の図書館を利用して膨大な文献や資料に取り組み、『原資本論』ともよばれる『1857―58年草稿』(経済学批判要綱)を執筆、その始めの部分の「貨幣にかんする章」を『経済学批判』第1分冊として出版(1859)するが、その後、出版計画は変更される。かくて新たに独立の著作として書き直されたのが『資本論』であって、それに「経済学批判」という副題をつけて、第1巻がハンブルクのマイスナー書店から出版される(1867)。部数1000部。1883年3月マルクスの死亡後、エンゲルスは残された原稿をもとに編集作業を行い、1885年に第2巻を、1894年に第3巻を発行した。第4巻に予定されていた学説史部分は、エンゲルスの死後カウツキーの手によって『剰余価値学説史』として1905~1910年に出版されている。 [重田澄男] 内容第1巻「資本の生産過程」では、初めに、資本主義的経済関係の基礎的要因であり前提でもある商品と貨幣についての解明を行ったうえで、資本主義的生産について、賃金労働者による剰余価値の生産と資本家によるその獲得という剰余価値論を中心に、労働者の受け取る賃金、資本の蓄積、資本主義的関係の創出としての本源的蓄積、資本主義的発展の歴史的傾向、などを明らかにしている。第2巻「資本の流通過程」では、資本の運動が生産過程だけでなく流通過程をも通過することによって出てくる事態として、資本の循環運動や、資本の回転運動の引き起こす影響、さらには、個別的諸資本の絡み合いとしての社会的総資本の再生産運動についての解明を行っている。そして第3巻「資本主義的生産の総過程」では、生産過程において生み出された剰余価値が、利潤、利子、地代といった現実的諸形態に転化し、それぞれ独自的なあり方をとるようになっていることが明らかにされている。すなわち、まず剰余価値の利潤への転形が、そして、資本の競争のなかでの平均利潤の形成、資本主義的発展のなかでの利潤率の低下傾向が説明され、ついで、商業資本と商業利潤が、利子と信用が、そして資本主義のもとでの土地所有と地代が解明され、最後に最終篇(へん)「収入とその源泉」において、賃金、利子(あるいは利潤)、地代は資本主義的生産関係に基づく近代社会に特有の歴史的形態にほかならないものであることが改めて確認され、賃金労働者、資本家、土地所有者という資本主義社会における基本的三大階級についての総括的把握が行われている。 [重田澄男] 意義『資本論』は、マルクスの生存中に改訂第2版といくつかの変更や追補を含むフランス語訳(1872~75)およびロシア語訳(1872)が出版されたが、死後には労働運動や社会主義運動の発展のなかで数十か国語に翻訳、出版されている。日本語訳としては、1919年(大正8)に松浦要(かなめ)の部分訳、高畠素之(たかばたけもとゆき)の全訳(1920~24)をはじめとして各種の訳書が出版されており、『資本論』に関する研究書は膨大な数に上っている。 現在すでに『資本論』第1巻刊行後100年以上たっており、その間に資本主義は自由競争の資本主義から独占資本主義へ、さらに新たな様相を示している現代資本主義へと、『資本論』では解明されていない構造や動態を展開するに至っており、その意味では『資本論』は19世紀中葉の自由競争の最盛期のイギリス資本主義を主たる事実材料として書かれた著作という時代的制約性を示すものである。しかし、資本主義の生産的基礎や諸階級あるいは諸要因などの基本的内容が本質的に資本主義的なものであり続ける限り、『資本論』のもつ現実的意義は失われることはない。『資本論』は、現実の絶えざる発展と変化、経済学・社会科学の理論としての多様な批判にさらされながら、なお巨大な影響を及ぼし続けている。 [重田澄男] 『『資本論』(向坂逸郎訳・岩波文庫/岡崎次郎訳・大月書店・国民文庫)』▽『久留間鮫造他編『資本論辞典』(1966・青木書店)』▽『経済学史学会編『〈資本論〉の成立』(1967・岩波書店)』▽『杉原四郎・佐藤金三郎編『資本論物語』(1975・有斐閣)』▽『山中隆次他著『マルクス資本論入門』(有斐閣新書)』▽『マルクス、エンゲルス著、岡崎次郎訳『資本論書簡』(大月書店・国民文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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