Kyoto Shoshidai

This was a job title in the Edo Shogunate. When the Shogunate was established in Edo in 1603 (Keicho 8), it was given the authority to rule Western Japan. It was established with a capacity of one person. It was appointed by a Fudai daimyo with a stipend of 30,000 koku or more, and was given a salary of 10,000 koku, along with 30 yoriki (later 50) and 100 doshin (police officers). In addition to controlling Kyoto, inspecting the Imperial Court and nobles, and monitoring the daimyo of Western Japan, it also managed the civil administration of the five Kinai provinces and eight provinces of Omi, Tamba, and Harima. The three generations of Itakura Katsushige, his son Shigemune, and Makino Chikashige held the position for 65 years, and made great strides in establishing the Shogunate not only in Kyoto city but also in the Kinai and nearby provinces. Particularly in the early period, successive Shoguns Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu frequently traveled to Kyoto, and the Shoshidai system and the Shogun's travels to Kyoto were inseparably linked. In 1668 (Kanbun 8), when the direction of unifying Shogunate rule was apparent, the Shoshidai handed over civilian authority, including control of Kyoto, to the Kyoto Magistrate. From then on, the position became a promotional position to Roju, and while its status was high, its political influence in the Shogunate administration rapidly declined. For this reason, the powerlessness of the Shoshidai was pointed out at the end of the Edo period, and the Kyoto Shugoshoku was established as a higher-ranking institution.

[Michitaka Kamata]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸幕府の職名。1603年（慶長8）江戸に幕府が開かれたことにより、西日本支配のための権能を与えられて成立した。定員1名。3万石以上の譜代(ふだい)大名から任命、役料1万石が給され、与力30騎（のち50騎）、同心100人が付属した。京都の制圧、朝廷や公家(くげ)の監察、西日本諸大名の監視のほか、五畿内(きない)および近江(おうみ)、丹波(たんば)、播磨(はりま)の8か国の民政を総括した。板倉勝重(かつしげ)、その子重宗(しげむね)、牧野親成(ちかしげ)の3代の在職は65年にも及び、京都市中はもとより畿内近国における幕政の定着を大きく前進させた。とくに初期には、徳川家康、秀忠(ひでただ)、家光(いえみつ)の歴代将軍がたびたび上洛(じょうらく)し、所司代体制と将軍上洛の不可分の関係がみられた。幕府支配一元化の方向がみえた1668年（寛文8）、京都支配など民政上の権限を京都町奉行(ぶぎょう)に譲った。以後は老中への出世コース的な役職となり、地位のみ高く幕政上の政治力は急激に低下した。このため、幕末には所司代の無力さが指摘され、京都守護職がその上位機関として設置された。

［鎌田道隆］

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