Jeep - Jeep (English spelling)

Japanese: ジープ - じーぷ(英語表記)Jeep
Jeep - Jeep (English spelling)

A four-wheel drive multipurpose vehicle. Strictly speaking, the Jeep Corporation in the United States currently holds the trademark and manufacturing rights, and in Japan, the Mitsubishi Motors Corporation produces the vehicle under license. There are many similar vehicles, but the Jeep name cannot be used unless the vehicle is produced under license.

It was originally developed during World War II for transport, communication, reconnaissance, and attack purposes in land battles, and, together with the B-17 and B-29 bombers and the atomic bomb, it was a driving force behind the victory of the Allied forces. In 1940, at the request of the U.S. Army, a team of engineers led by Karl Probst at American Bantam Cars developed it. However, since the company had low mass production capabilities, an improved version was ordered in large quantities from Willys-Overland and Ford, and Bantam produced them for the Soviet Union. The name Jeep is said to have been created by combining the initials GP, which stands for general purpose car, with the sound of the dog in the cartoon Popeye, "Jeeeeep."

After the end of World War II, Willys-Overland acquired the manufacturing rights and began production for civilian use, which led to it being used around the world for all kinds of work. Outside of the United States, it was also produced domestically in Canada, France, Belgium, Japan, India and other countries for military and civilian use. Meanwhile, in the former Soviet Union, the GAZ61/67B and other models were produced based on the Bantam Jeep provided by the United States during the war, and these continue to this day as GAZ and UAZ. Furthermore, China learned this technology and produced "Echigo Automobiles" under names such as Beijing and Zhejiang.

Other jeep-type vehicles with unique designs are produced all over the world, but the most famous and produced in large numbers are the British Land Rover, the German Mercedes-Benz G-Bergen, and the Japanese Toyota Land Cruiser and Nissan Safari, which are also exported and used for military and civilian purposes. In addition to these, Japan also has small and medium-sized jeep-type vehicles such as the Mitsubishi Pajero, Isuzu Bighorn, Toyota Blizzard, Daihatsu Lager, and Suzuki Jimny, and there is also a lot of demand for them for leisure use these days.

Jeep-type vehicles have a simple and light body on a sturdy chassis, a large effective ground clearance, and are highly capable of running on rough roads. Four-wheel drive is a so-called part-time system in which the front-wheel drive is switched off on good roads and the vehicle runs on rear-wheel drive only, and usually has a four- or five-speed transmission with a two-speed sub-transmission. Engines with particularly high low-speed torque are used, and diesel models are also used. For normal passenger cars, the hill-climbing ability is around tanθ = 0.5, and even at its highest it is less than 1, but powerful jeep-type vehicles can exceed 1.5 and reach 1.75.

[Takashima Shizuo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

四輪駆動の多目的乗貨兼用自動車の一つ。厳密には現在アメリカのジープ・コーポレーションが商標権と製造権をもち、日本では三菱(みつびし)自動車工業がライセンス生産をしている上記自動車の名称。類型車は多いが、ライセンス生産車以外はジープの名称は使用することができない。

 もともと第二次世界大戦中に、陸戦での輸送、連絡、偵察、攻撃用として開発されたもので、B-17、B-29の両爆撃機、原子爆弾とともに、連合軍勝利の原動力となった。1940年、アメリカ陸軍の要請を受けたアメリカン・バンタム・カーズ社のカール・プロブストKarl Probst率いる技術陣が開発した。しかし同社は量産能力が低いため、ウィリス・オーバーランドとフォードにその改良型の大量発注が行われ、バンタムは対ソ連供与のためのものを生産した。ジープの名称は、多目的車を意味するgeneral purpose carの頭文字GPを、漫画映画ポパイに出てくる犬のJeeeeepという鳴き声にひっかけてできたといわれている。

 第二次大戦終了後はウィリス・オーバーランド社が製造権を所有、民需用の生産を開始、あらゆる作業用として世界中で重用された。アメリカ以外でもカナダ、フランス、ベルギー、日本、インドなどで国産化され、軍用、民需用に用いている。一方、旧ソ連では、戦時中アメリカから供与されたバンタム・ジープをもとにGAZ61/67Bなどが生産され、それはGAZおよびUAZとして今日にまで及んでいる。さらにその技術を学んで、中国でも北京(ペイチン)、浙江(チョーチヤン)といった名称の「越野汽車」が生産されている。

 このほか世界中で独自の設計になるジープ型車が生産されているが、なかでも有名で生産台数も多いのは、イギリスのランド・ローバー、ドイツのメルセデス・ベンツGバーゲン、日本のトヨタ・ランドクルーザー、日産・サファリなどで、それぞれ輸出もされ、軍用、民間用に用いられている。日本にはこのほかにも三菱・パジェロ、いすゞ・ビッグホーン、トヨタ・ブリザード、ダイハツ・ラガー、スズキ・ジムニーなど、中・小型のジープ型車があり、最近ではレジャー用の需要も多い。

 ジープ型車は頑強なシャシーに簡潔で軽いボディーをもち、実質的な地上高も大きく、悪路の走破性が高い。四輪駆動は、良路では前輪駆動を切って後輪駆動のみで走るいわゆるパートタイム方式で、通常4段または5段の変速機に2段の副変速機をもつ。エンジンはとくに低速トルクの大きいものが用いられ、ディーゼルもある。登坂能力は通常の乗用車ではtanθ=0.5前後で、最高でも1に満たないが、ジープ型の強力なものでは1.5を超え1.75に達するものもある。

[高島鎮雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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