Atmospheric diffusion

Japanese: 大気拡散 - たいきかくさん
Atmospheric diffusion

This refers to the diffusion of substances or physical quantities such as smoke, water vapor, heat, and momentum in the atmosphere. Atmospheric flow is generally considered to be turbulent, so diffusion due to turbulence is predominant. In comparison, molecular diffusion is very small and can be ignored. The quantity that determines the speed of diffusion is called the diffusion coefficient, but in meteorology, the eddy diffusion coefficient is generally used. This refers to the proportionality constant when the rate at which a substance or physical quantity diffuses through a unit area in turbulent diffusion is proportional to the gradient of these quantities in the direction perpendicular to the surface. In general, the eddy diffusion coefficient differs depending on the substance or physical quantity being diffused. The eddy diffusion coefficient depends on the stability of the atmosphere, and increases in proportion to height near the ground, but stops changing at a certain height. Diffusion in the atmosphere is mostly determined by wind conditions, but the wind itself is controlled by the terrain, atmospheric stability, and pressure distribution.

Since atmospheric diffusion involves a wide variety of complex factors, it is very difficult to estimate diffusion mathematically, so wind tunnel experiments, numerical experiments, and statistical methods are used. However, estimating atmospheric diffusion basically requires prediction of atmospheric pressure distribution in a small area and precise analysis of vertical wind distribution. Regarding vertical wind distribution, the Japan Meteorological Agency has deployed wind profilers (all-weather wind observation radars that emit radio waves into the sky and continuously observe the vertical distribution of wind direction and speed up to an altitude of about 5 kilometers) nationwide since 2001, and it is expected that this data will contribute greatly to estimating atmospheric diffusion. In addition, a new model, a meso-numerical prediction model that uses data from wind profilers and other instruments, has been added to the numerical forecast since 2001, and it is expected that this will be effectively used to estimate atmospheric diffusion.

[Hiroshi Matano]

Moriguchi Minoru, Chiaki Teruo, and Ogawa Hiroshi, Environmental Pollution and Meteorology: Techniques for Atmospheric Environmental Assessment (1990, Asakura Publishing)Yokoyama Nagayuki (ed.), Atmospheric Environmental Simulation: Atmospheric Flow and Diffusion (1992, Hakua Shobo)Atmospheric Diffusion, by F. Pasquill and F.B. Smith, translated by Yokoyama Nagayuki (1995, Kindaikagakusha)Takeuchi Kiyohide, Meteorological Classroom 4: Wind Meteorology (1997, University of Tokyo Press)Yokoyama Nagayuki, Smoke: Behavior and Appearance in the Atmosphere (1997, Hakua Shobo)

[Reference] | Diffusion | Diffusion wind tunnel | Numerical experiment | Numerical forecast | Turbulence

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大気中で、煙、水蒸気、熱、運動量など物質や物理量が拡散することをいう。大気の流れは一般に乱流と考えられるので、乱れによる拡散が卓越する。これに比べ、分子拡散は非常に小さく、無視することができる。拡散の速さを規定する量を拡散係数というが、気象学では一般に渦拡散係数(うずかくさんけいすう)を用いる。これは、乱流拡散において、物質や物理量が単位面積を通して拡散する割合が、その面に直角な方向のこれらの量の勾配(こうばい)に比例するとした場合の比例定数をさす。一般に渦拡散係数は、拡散する物質や物理量によって異なる。渦拡散係数は大気の安定度に左右され、地面付近では高さに比例して増大するが、ある高さになると変化しなくなる。大気中の拡散はほとんど風の状態によって決まるが、風自身は地形や大気の安定度、気圧配置などによって支配される。

 大気拡散では関係する要素が多様で複雑であるため、拡散の推定を数学的に解いて求めることが非常に困難なので、風洞実験や数値実験などが利用され、また統計的な手法も援用されている。しかし、大気拡散の推定には基本的に狭領域の気圧配置の予測と風の鉛直分布の精密な解析が必要である。風の鉛直分布については気象庁が2001年(平成13)からウィンドプロファイラ(上空に電波を発射して高度約5キロメートルまでの風向・風速の鉛直分布を連続的に観測する全天候型の風観測レーダー)を全国展開したので、このデータが大気拡散の推定にも大きく貢献することが期待される。また、数値予報では2001年から新しいモデルとしてウィンドプロファイラなどのデータも利用したメソ数値予報モデルを加えた運用を開始したので、これが大気拡散の推定に効果的に活用されることも期待される。

[股野宏志]

『森口実・千秋鋭夫・小川弘著『環境汚染と気象――大気環境アセスメントの技術』(1990・朝倉書店)』『横山長之編『大気環境シミュレーション――大気の流れと拡散』(1992・白亜書房)』『F・パスキル、F・B・スミス著、横山長之訳『大気拡散』(1995・近代科学社)』『竹内清秀著『気象の教室4 風の気象学』(1997・東京大学出版会)』『横山長之著『煙――大気中における振る舞と姿』(1997・白亜書房)』

[参照項目] | 拡散 | 拡散風洞 | 数値実験 | 数値予報 | 乱流

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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