A book written by a writer looking back on his or her life or the first half of it, with the aim of leaving a lasting testimony of life. The first autobiography is usually considered to have been the Confessions (c. 400), in which the Roman Church Father Augustine confessed to God the first half of his life up until his conversion. In modern times, autobiographies have shifted from confessions to God to works that present the trajectory of one's existence to descendants or future generations and to proclaim its validity. Modern autobiographies were given their proper form in the late 18th century and early 19th century in the Confessions (written 1765-70) and Reminiscences of a Solitary Walker (written 1776-78) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau of France, and in Autobiography (written 1771-89) by Benjamin Franklin of the American Revolutionary Period. In the 19th century, excellent modern autobiographies were produced, such as Johann Wolfgang Goethe's "Poetry and Truth" (written 1811-14), the British philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill's "Autobiography" (1873), and the pinnacle of modern Japanese autobiography, Fukuzawa Yukichi's "Fukuo Jiden" (1898-99). Autobiographies are also called autobiographical literature, implying that they are a literary genre. As is typical of Japanese "shi-novel", literature with a first-person narrative contains more or less autobiographical elements, so it is not easy to distinguish between autobiographical literature and autobiographical literature. In that sense, it is easier to understand if you think of the autobiography genre as being established by the agreement between the author and the reader (that the facts are being told by the author/narrator) (Philippe Lejeune, "The Autobiographical Contract", 1975). A memoir is a recollection of public events or history, such as politics, diplomacy, the military, or social conditions, from the perspective of an individual involved in those events. (Ken Inoue, Professor, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo / 2007) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
自らの人生や半生を回顧し、自らの筆により、生きた証を永遠のものにせんとして書き記したもの。通例、ローマの教父アウグスティヌスが回心に至るまでの半生を神に向かって告白した書、『告白録』(400年頃)をもって嚆矢(こうし)とする。近代に入ると、自伝は神への告白から、子孫あるいは後生の者に向かって、自己の存在の軌跡を提示し、その正当さをうたいあげるものへと推移していった。近代的自伝は、18世紀後期から19世紀初めにかけて、フランスのジャン=ジャック・ルソーによる『告白』(1765〜70年執筆)と『孤独な散歩者の夢想』(1776〜78年執筆)、独立期アメリカのベンジャミン・フランクリン『自伝』(1771〜89年執筆)において、そのふさわしい形が与えられた。19世紀には、ドイツのヨハン・ヴォルフガンク・ゲーテ『詩と真実』(1811〜14年執筆)、イギリスの哲学者・経済学者ジョン・スチュアート・ミルの『自伝』(1873年)、さらには近代日本の自伝の白眉、福沢諭吉『福翁自伝』(1898〜99年)など、優れた近代的自伝が輩出する。自伝も文学の1ジャンルであるという意味を込めて、自伝文学と呼ぶこともある。日本の私小説に典型的なように、一人称語りの文学は、多かれ少なかれ自伝的要素を含むので、自伝文学と自伝的文学の区別は容易ではない。その意味では、自伝ジャンルを成立させるのは、作者・読者間の約束事(作者=語り手により事実が語られている、とする)である、と考えておくのがわかりやすい(フィリップ・ルジュンヌ『自伝契約』、1975年)。回想録(memoirs)は、政治、外交、軍事、世相などの公の出来事、歴史を、当事者たる個人の立場から回顧したもの。
(井上健 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科教授 / 2007年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
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