A measure of the degree of atmospheric turbidity. It is also called meteorological visibility. When the atmosphere is clear and distant mountains are clearly visible, visibility is over 50 kilometers, and when it is foggy, it is less than 1 kilometer. Another measure that directly indicates the degree of atmospheric turbidity is called "meteorological optical distance," which is objectively determined using optical instruments. Visibility is equivalent to visual observation. Visibility observation results are used to determine the type of air mass, the density of haze and fog, etc. In practical terms, they are used for traffic management on roads, railways, and airplanes, and in recent years have also been used as an indicator of the concentration of air pollution. Visibility is usually measured visually and is expressed in kilometers, or in 100 or 10 meter increments at short distances. However, because visual observation is easily influenced by the observer's subjectivity and it is difficult to make precise measurements, it is sometimes expressed in classes. Visibility is sometimes measured near airport runways using optical instruments such as a transmittance meter. To make it possible to compare visual observations from around the world, the following method of visibility observation has been internationally established. During the day, a dark target against the sky is selected and observed at the maximum distance at which it can be distinguished by the naked eye. The size of the target should have a visual angle of about 0.5 to 5 degrees, and suitable targets would be a single house, a not-too-large building, a chimney, or a grove of trees. A good distant target would be a mountain against the sky. It is useful to draw these in advance (including nighttime targets). At night, choose as your target an outdoor light or a white light (25-100 candela) that is not concentrated and can be seen from a building window. Find the distance to the light that is barely discernible among the lights at various distances, and use a chart to calculate visibility from that light's luminous intensity (candela). Using this method, even if you cannot see 100 meters ahead on a dark night, the visibility will be 10 or 20 kilometers depending on the cloudiness of the atmosphere. [Masaji Ota] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大気の濁りの程度を表す尺度の一つ。気象視程ともいう。大気が清澄で遠方の山並みがよく見えるときは視程は50キロメートル以上であり、霧がかかっているときは1キロメートル以下である。大気の濁りの程度を直接表す別の尺度として、光学器械を用いて客観的に求めた「気象光学距離」と名づけられたものがある。視程はその目視観測に相当する。 視程の観測結果は、気団の種類の判定、煙霧や霧などの濃さの判定などに使われる。実用的には道路、鉄道、航空などにおける運行管理に利用され、また近年には大気汚染の濃度の指標としても使用されている。 視程は通常、目視観測で行われ、キロメートル単位、近距離では100メートルあるいは10メートル単位で表す。ただし目視観測では観測者の主観が入りやすいため、あまり細かい測定はできがたいので、階級で表すこともある。なお空港の滑走路付近では透過率計などの光学器械を用いて観測することもある。 目視観測で得られた世界各地の観測値を相互に比較できるように、視程観測の方法は国際的に次のように決められている。昼間は空を背景とした黒ずんだ目標物を選び、それが肉眼で識別できる最大の距離を観測する。目標物の大きさは、視角が0.5~5度程度とし、たとえば一軒家、あまり大きくないビル、煙突、木立群などが適している。遠方の目標としては空を背景にした山がよい。これらをあらかじめ図示(夜間の目標も含め)しておくと便利である。 夜間は目標物として外灯や、建物の窓から見える集光されない白色の電灯(光度25~100カンデラ程度)を選ぶ。さまざまな距離の電灯のうち、ほとんど識別できなくなった電灯の距離を求め、それとその電灯の光度(カンデラ)とから図表を用いて視程を求める。この方法を用いると、たとえ暗夜で100メートル先が見えない場合でも、大気の濁りぐあいに応じて視程は10キロメートルとか20キロメートルという値になる。 [大田正次] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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