City - Shii (English spelling) City of London

Japanese: シティ - してぃ(英語表記)City of London
City - Shii (English spelling) City of London

It is a part of the center of London, the capital of the United Kingdom. It is located on the left bank (north side) of the River Thames. It is a special administrative district under the direct control of the Mayor of London. Although it has an area of ​​about 2.7 square kilometers and a population of 7,186 (2001), it is the birthplace of London historically and flourished as the heart of world politics and economy during the heyday of the British Empire. It is still the center of international finance, insurance, and shipping, on par with New York, and more than 600,000 businessmen and tourists gather there during the day. Although it has a long history, most of the old buildings, except for St. Paul's Cathedral and the Guildhall, were destroyed by the great fire in the 17th century and the air raids during World War II. After World War II, modern buildings have sprung up and there is no trace of the past. The Barbican district in the center has been redeveloped and has become the new face of the City, with apartment buildings, music halls, and theaters.

[Noboru Iuchi]

history

The city in the narrow sense refers to the central area as explained above, but the development of this area is especially important in relation to the wider medieval city of London. The origin of the city in the broad sense can be traced back to the construction of the city walls that bounded the city boundaries and the royal charter for self-government under the city council. The oldest fortress was built by the Romans, but it was rebuilt by King Alfred the Great at the end of the 9th century, and later William I built the Tower of London on the east side to strengthen the defense of the city. The city charter was issued during the reign of Richard I, and the first mayoral election was held in 1193. The city in the narrow sense was created by the development of commerce throughout the Middle Ages. Hanseatic merchants appeared as early as the 12th century, and Lombard Street, the financial center, was an area where Italian (Lombardy) banks set up shop. However, the modernization of the City can be said to have begun with the establishment of the Royal Exchange by Elizabeth I (1571) and was completed with the opening of the Bank of England (1694).

[Yutaka Matsugaki]

[References] | St. Paul's Cathedral | London
St. Paul's Cathedral
The cathedral of the Church of England in the city. It was rebuilt between 1675 and 1710 under the supervision of the architect Christopher Wren. It is the second largest cathedral after St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. The cupola that stands in the center is 110m high. London, England ©Masashi Tanaka ">

St. Paul's Cathedral

Old Royal Exchange
It is located in Lombard Street in the city, the financial center. It was established in 1571, but the building that remains today is the third one, built in 1844. There are many historical buildings in this area. London, England ©Masashi Tanaka ">

Old Royal Exchange

Bank of England
The UK's central bank (left) is located in the City of London in the center of London. It was opened in 1694, but the current building was built between 1924 and 1939. It is also known as "The Bank" and "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street." The old Royal Exchange is in the back right of the photo. London, UK ©Masashi Tanaka ">

Bank of England


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの首都ロンドンの中心部の一画。テムズ川の左岸(北側)にある。ロンドン市長の直轄下に置かれた特別行政区域。面積約2.7平方キロメートル、人口7186(2001)にすぎないが、歴史的にはロンドン発祥の地で、大英帝国全盛時代には世界の政治、経済の心臓部として栄えた。現在もニューヨークと並ぶ国際金融、保険、海運業の中心で、昼間は60万を超えるビジネスマンや観光客が集まる。歴史は古いが、昔の建物はセント・ポール大聖堂やギルドホールなどを除き、大部分は17世紀の大火や第二次世界大戦の空襲によって消失した。第二次世界大戦後は近代的なビルが林立して昔のおもかげはみられない。中心部のバービカン地区は、再開発されて集合住宅と音楽堂、劇場をもつ新しいシティの顔となった。

[井内 昇]

歴史

狭義のシティは、先に説明された中心部の一画をさすが、この地域の発展は、とくに歴史的には広義のシティとしての中世自治都市ロンドン全体とのかかわりが重要である。広義のシティの起源は、市域を画する城壁の築造と市参事会のもとでの自治特権の勅許に求められよう。最古の城砦(じょうさい)はローマ人の手になるが、9世紀末アルフレッド大王がこれを再建し、のちこの東側にウィリアム1世がロンドン塔を建ててシティの守りを固めた。自治都市の特許状が交付されたのはリチャード1世の治世で、1193年に最初の市長選挙が行われた。狭義のシティは、中世を通じての商業の発展がつくりあげた。ハンザ同盟都市の商人は早くも12世紀に姿をみせ、金融の中心ロンバード街はイタリア(ロンバルディア地方)人の銀行が店舗を構えた地区である。しかし、シティの近代化はエリザベス1世による王立取引所の設立(1571)に始まり、イングランド銀行の開設(1694)をもって完成したといえる。

[松垣 裕]

[参照項目] | セント・ポール大聖堂 | ロンドン
セント・ポール大聖堂
シティにあるイングランド教会の大聖堂。建築総監クリストファー・レンのもと、1675~1710年に再建された。聖堂建築としてはバチカン市国のサン・ピエトロ大聖堂に次ぐ規模をもつ。中央にそびえるクーポラ(円蓋)は、高さ110m。イギリス ロンドン©Masashi Tanaka">

セント・ポール大聖堂

旧王立取引所
金融の中心、シティのロンバード街にある。1571年の設立だが、現在残る建物は1844年に建築された3番目のもの。このあたりには、歴史的建造物が数多く残る。イギリス ロンドン©Masashi Tanaka">

旧王立取引所

イングランド銀行
ロンドンの中心部、シティにあるイギリスの中央銀行(写真左)。1694年の開設だが、現在の建物は1924~39年のもの。「ザ・バンク」「スレッドニードル街の老婦人」ともよばれる。写真右奥は旧王立取引所。イギリス ロンドン©Masashi Tanaka">

イングランド銀行


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