Alumina - alumina

Japanese: アルミナ - あるみな(英語表記)alumina
Alumina - alumina

This is the industrial and mineralogical name for aluminum oxide, which is the most stable and common form of aluminum present in the earth's crust, third in abundance after oxygen and silicon.

[Azagami Takeshi]

nature

Its chemical formula is Al2O3 and its molecular weight is 101.96, but it undergoes transformation when heated. When bauxite, aluminum hydroxide, etc. are heated to 500℃, they are dehydrated and first become gamma alumina, and when heated further to over 1000℃, alpha alumina is obtained. Gamma alumina has a coarse crystal structure, absorbs water well, and is an amphoteric compound, so it dissolves easily in both acids and alkalis. Activated alumina is also a gamma type, but it is non-crystalline and porous, and has a very large surface area, so it has strong adsorption power. Naturally occurring corundum is alpha alumina, and ruby ​​(carbuncle) contains about 0.2 % chromium oxide Cr2O3 , while sapphire (blue gemstone) contains 0.1-0.2% titanium oxide TiO2 and iron oxide (III) Fe2O3 . Both are impure but transparent. These are the second hardest minerals after diamond, with a Mohs hardness of 9. Alpha alumina has a dense crystal structure and is hard, with a melting point of 2050°C, a density of 4.0, and is insoluble in water and difficult to dissolve in acid. When melted at high temperatures, its heat resistance increases significantly.

[Azagami Takeshi]

Manufacturing method

There are many types of aluminum ore, and a wide variety of methods for producing alumina, but the most well-known is the Bayer process, which uses bauxite as a raw material. This was invented in 1888 by Austrian Bayer KJ Bayer, in which aluminum ore is first dissolved in caustic soda to produce sodium aluminate NaAlO2 , with unnecessary iron and silica remaining in the residue (red mud). After separating the red mud from the solution, aluminum hydroxide crystals are added as seeds in a precipitation tank to precipitate aluminum hydroxide. This is then fired in a fluidized bed calciner to produce high-purity alpha-alumina.

[Azagami Takeshi]

Applications

The most common industrial use is when alumina produced by the Bayer process is used as a raw material for aluminum smelting. Activated alumina, which has a high adsorption capacity, is used as a dehydrating agent, decolorizing agent, and adsorbent for chromatography. Natural corundum is also called emery and is used as a grinding and polishing agent along with impure artificial material (alundum). In addition to being used as gemstones, rubies and sapphires are also produced artificially and are used as watch bearings and wire-drawing dies, as well as in lasers. Alumina is also used as a heat-resistant ceramic material for heat-resistant containers and equipment, and is widely used as a fire-resistant and heat-resistant industrial material. Advances in processing technology have also led to the production of alumina fiber, alumina bite, and transparent alumina. Furthermore, the porosity of anodized coatings can be used to fill them with various substances, opening up a wide range of functional uses, including electrical, optical, magnetic, lubricating, catalytic, humidity control, and printing.

[Azagami Takeshi]

[Reference item] | Aluminum

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

酸化アルミニウムの工業的、鉱物学的名称で、酸素、ケイ素に次いで地殻中に多く存在するアルミニウムのもっとも安定で普通の存在形態である。

[阿座上竹四]

性質

化学式はAl2O3で、分子量は101.96であるが、加熱による変態がある。ボーキサイト、水酸化アルミニウムなどを500℃に加熱すると、脱水してまずγ(ガンマ)アルミナとなり、さらに1000℃以上に加熱するとα(アルファ)アルミナが得られる。γアルミナは結晶構造が粗く、水をよく吸収し、両性化合物であるため、酸、アルカリのいずれにも溶解しやすい。活性アルミナもγ型であるが、非結晶性多孔質で表面積が非常に大きいので吸着力が強い。天然に産するコランダム(鋼玉(こうぎょく))はαアルミナで、これに酸化クロムCr2O3を0.2%くらい含むものがルビー(紅玉)、また酸化チタンTiO2と酸化鉄(Ⅲ)Fe2O3をそれぞれ0.1~0.2%含むものがサファイア(青玉)で、いずれも不純ながら透明である。これらは鉱物中ではダイヤモンドに次いで硬く、モース硬度は9である。αアルミナは密な結晶構造をもつため硬く、融点2050℃、密度4.0、水に不溶で酸にも溶けにくい。高温で融解すると耐熱性を著しく増す。

[阿座上竹四]

製法

アルミニウムの鉱石は種類が多く、アルミナの製法も多様であるが、代表的なものはボーキサイトを原料としたバイヤー法である。これは1888年オーストリアのバイヤーK. J. Bayerの考案によるもので、アルミニウム鉱石をまずカ性ソーダに溶解してアルミン酸ソーダNaAlO2とし、不要な鉄やケイ酸は残渣(ざんさ)(赤泥)に残す。溶解液から赤泥を分離したのち、析出槽で種子として水酸化アルミニウム結晶を加え、水酸化アルミニウムを析出させる。ついでこれを流動焼成炉で焼成して純度の高いαアルミナとする。

[阿座上竹四]

用途

工業的にもっとも多量に用いられるのは、バイヤー法で製造したアルミナをアルミニウム製錬の原料として使用するものである。吸着能力の大きい活性アルミナは脱水剤や脱色剤、クロマトグラフの吸着剤などに用いられる。天然産コランダムは金剛砂(こんごうしゃ)ともよばれ、不純な人造物(アランダム)とともに研削・研磨剤に用いる。ルビーやサファイアは宝石としての用途のほか、人工的にも製造され、時計の軸受や線引き用ダイスとして使われるほか、レーザーにも用いられる。アルミナはまた耐熱セラミックスの一つとして耐熱容器・器具材料として用いられるほか、広く耐火・耐熱工業材料として使用される。そのほか加工技術の進歩によりアルミナファイバー、アルミナバイト、透明アルミナなどもつくられるようになった。さらに陽極酸化皮膜はその多孔性を利用して種々の物質を充填(じゅうてん)し、電気、光学、磁性、潤滑、触媒、調湿、印刷など多様な機能的用途が開けつつある。

[阿座上竹四]

[参照項目] | アルミニウム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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