A type of scale that constituted music in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the West. It existed before the establishment of the modern major and minor scales. Theoretically, it was systematized by arranging the phrases of so-called Gregorian chant according to the more important notes. Detailed explanations of modal organization appeared in the mid-9th century, but the influence of Byzantine theory can be seen in the formation of the theoretical system. A church mode is a diatonic series (corresponding to a series using only the white keys of a piano) with four central notes, D, E, F, and G, and a range of one octave (ambitus). This central note is taken from the final note (finalis) of a hymn, and each pair of modes shares it. One is called authentic (ausentix) when the range of one octave extends upward from the final note, and the other is called plagal (plagaris) when the range remains low (from a fourth below the final note to a fifth above it). In principle, the dominant or confinalis is placed a fifth above the final note in authentic mode, and a third above the final note in plagal mode. These final notes and dominants have more important functions than other notes, and the dominants are repeated endlessly, especially in psalm chanting. In the Middle Ages, eight modes were officially recognized, four each for authentic and plagal modes, and there are various naming methods. The oldest method is to call them 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th modes according to their final note, and to distinguish between authentic and plagal modes. In contrast, the method of simply naming them by ordinal numbers from 1 to 8, in the order of authentic to plagal, from the lowest final note, has been the most common from the Middle Ages to the present day. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the corresponding authentic modes at odd numbers were called Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, and Mixolydian, following the names of the ancient Greek modes, and the plagal modes were called by putting a hypo (a prefix meaning below) before each mode, and this method is still often used today. However, in this case, the names of the modes do not match the ancient Greek tonal system, and it is recognized that medieval theorists misused them, but the reason for this has not been clarified. In the mid-16th century, the Swiss theorist Glareanus added four new modes, the Aeolian and Ionian modes, which have A and C as finals, and the plagal modes, bringing the number of modes to 12. Each of the 12 modes has its own unique character, due to the different positions of the semitones and whole tones in the octave. However, as the use of altered tones diminished the individuality of each mode, the church modes were gradually integrated into the Aeolian and Ionian modes, which correspond to the modern natural minor and major scales. [Jiro Isobe] ©Shogakukan "> Church Mode Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
西洋中世およびルネサンスの音楽を構成した一種の音階。近代の長音階、短音階が成立する以前のもの。理論的には、いわゆるグレゴリオ聖歌の楽句を、より重要な音に従って整理することから体系化された。旋法組織に関する詳細な解説が現れるのは9世紀中ごろであるが、理論体系の形成過程にはビザンティンの理論の影響も認められる。 教会旋法とは、4種の中心音、ニ音、ホ音、ヘ音、ト音を核とする全音階的音列(ピアノの白鍵(はっけん)だけを用いた音列に相当する)で、1オクターブの音域(アンビトゥス)をもつ。この中心音は聖歌の終止音(フィナリス)からとられており、おのおの一対の旋法が共有する。一方は、終止音から上方に1オクターブの音域が展開する場合で正格(アウセンティクス)、他方は音域が低くとどまる(終止音の4度下から5度上まで)場合で変格(プラガーリス)とよばれる。そして、原則として正格では終止音より5度上、変格では3度上に属音(ドミナント)または副終止音(コンフィナリス)が置かれる。この終止音と属音が他の音よりも重要な機能をもち、とくに詩篇(しへん)唱などの朗唱では属音が延々と反復される。 中世においては正格旋法、変格旋法に各4種類ずつ、計8種類が正式に認められており、さまざまな命名法がある。それぞれの終止音に従って、第1、第2、第3、第4旋法とし、これに正格と変格の区別をつける呼び方がもっとも古い歴史をもつ。それに対し、終止音の低い旋法から正格―変格の順で、単純に1~8までの序数でよんでいく方法は、中世から現代に至るまでもっとも一般的である。また9、10世紀、これと対応して、奇数に位置する正格旋法を、古代ギリシアの旋法名に倣い、ドリア、フリギア、リディア、ミクソリディアとよび、変格旋法についてはそれぞれの前にヒポ(下を意味する接頭辞)をつける方法が考案され、今日もしばしば用いられる。しかしこの場合、各旋法名は古代ギリシアの音組織と符合せず、中世の理論家の誤用が認められるが、その原因は明らかにされていない。 16世紀中ごろには、スイスの理論家グラレアーヌスによって、イ音、ハ音を終止音とするエオリア旋法とイオニア旋法およびその変格旋法の4種が新たに追加され、旋法の数は12となった。12の旋法はオクターブ内での半音と全音の位置がおのおの異なるため、それぞれ独自の性格をもつ。しかし変化音の使用によって各旋法の独自性が薄らいでいくと、教会旋法は、近代の自然的短音階と長音階に一致するこのエオリアとイオニアの2種類の旋法にしだいに統合されていった。 [磯部二郎] ©Shogakukan"> 教会旋法 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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