Ministry of Home Affairs

Japanese: 自治省 - じちしょう
Ministry of Home Affairs

This is a national administrative agency in charge of affairs related to local government, established under the provisions of Article 3, Paragraph 2 of the National Government Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948). It is headed by the Minister of Home Affairs. Its predecessor was the former Ministry of Home Affairs, which was dissolved in 1947 (Showa 22) as part of the occupation policy. In 1949, the Local Autonomy Agency was established as an external bureau of the Prime Minister's Office, which was renamed the Autonomy Agency in 1952. In July 1985, the Ministry of Home Affairs was launched, absorbing the functions of the National Fire and Disaster Management Agency and making the Fire and Disaster Management Agency an external bureau. With the reorganization of central government ministries and agencies in January 2001 (Heisei 13), it was reorganized and merged with the Management and Coordination Agency and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to become the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

The Ministry of Home Affairs' mission was to contribute to the realization of the essence of local autonomy and the establishment of democratic politics by planning and drafting various systems relating to local autonomy and public elections, etc., providing guidance on their operation, liaising between the national government and local governments, and liaison and cooperation among local governments, as well as handling affairs related to firefighting and contributing to the prevention of disasters caused by water, fires, etc.

The duties of the Ministry of Home Affairs include matters relating to general liaison between the national government and local governments, conducting comprehensive investigations into the administration and finances of local governments at the request of those governments, affairs relating to pre-emptive purchase of land, etc. within land development corporations and city planning areas based on the Law Concerning Promotion of Expansion of Public Land (Law No. 66 of 1972), affairs relating to the implementation of the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Formation of Multi-Polar and Decentralized National Land (Law No. 83 of 1988), and affairs relating to the implementation of the Special Measures Law Concerning the Integrated Promotion of Housing Development and Railway Construction in Metropolitan Areas (Law No. 61 of 1989). The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is responsible for the affairs related to the implementation of the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Development of Specified Facilities for the Treatment of Industrial Waste (Law No. 62 of 1992), the Law Concerning the Integrated Promotion of Urban Improvement and Revitalization of Commercial Activities in Central Business Districts (Law No. 92 of 1998), advice and other assistance regarding the exercise of the authority of the Prime Minister under the provisions of Article 16, Paragraph 1 of the National Government Organization Law and the Local Autonomy Law (Law No. 67 of 1947, excluding Article 261), submitting necessary opinions to related administrative agencies regarding the planning, drafting and operation of national policies that affect local autonomy, and the organization and operation of local governments. The Bureau is responsible for the planning and drafting of systems relating to local government and their operation, research and studies on systems relating to local government and their operation, guidance on plans for the construction of merged municipalities and other matters relating to the development and promotion of municipalities, affairs relating to the implementation of the Special Measures Act on the Promotion of the Development of Specified Commercial Clusters (Act No. 82 of 1991), affairs relating to the implementation of the Act on the Promotion of the Development of Regional Core City Areas and the Relocation of Industrial and Business Facilities (Act No. 76 of 1992), affairs relating to the implementation of the Act on the Promotion of the Development of Regional Core City Areas and the Relocation of Industrial and Business Facilities (Act No. 76 of 1992), affairs relating to the implementation of the Public Offices Election Act (Act No. 76 of 1992), These included matters relating to the planning and drafting of systems relating to elections based on the Act No. 100 and laws applying the provisions of said Act mutatis mutandis, matters relating to the planning and drafting of systems relating to voting based on various direct requests by residents of local governments, matters relating to the planning and drafting of systems relating to the finances of local governments and other matters relating to local finance, matters relating to the estimation of the total amount of local allocation tax, matters relating to the allocation of local allocation tax, matters relating to the reduction or return of local allocation tax, matters relating to special local grants, matters relating to local bonds, matters relating to the procurement of financial funds for local governments, the planning and drafting of systems relating to local taxes and other matters relating to local taxes. "Local autonomy" has become a keyword of the times, along with administrative reform and deregulation, and efforts to promote "local autonomy" have been the biggest challenge for the Ministry of Home Affairs in recent years.

The Ministry of Home Affairs had the following organizational structure before the reorganization of the central ministries and agencies. In addition to the Minister's Secretariat, there were the Administrative Bureau, Financial Bureau, and Tax Bureau as internal bureaus, with the Administrative Bureau having a Civil Service Department and an Election Department. Councils included the Local Finance Council, Local Public Employees' Mutual Aid Association Council, and Central Fixed Assets Assessment Council, while special agencies included the Local Government Dispute Mediation Commission, Central Election Management Board, and Facilities and Other Agencies, and the Local Government College was a training institute for local government employees. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency was established as an external bureau, with the Fire and Disaster Management Council, Fire and Disaster Management Research Institute, and Fire and Disaster Management College under it. The organization, duties, and authority of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency were set out in the Fire Service Organization Act. Many of these duties were taken over by the new ministries and agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' Local Government Administration Bureau, Local Government Finance Bureau, and Local Government Tax Bureau.

[Kazukazu Hirata]

[Reference items] | Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications| Local governments | Local autonomy | Ministry of the Interior

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国家行政組織法(昭和23年法律第120号)第3条第2項の規定に基づいて設置された、地方自治に関する事務等を担当する国の行政機関。長は、自治大臣。前身は旧内務省で、これが1947年(昭和22)に占領政策の一環として解体されたあと、49年総理府の外局として地方自治庁が設けられ、52年自治庁と改称し、60年7月国家消防本部の機能を吸収して消防庁を外局とする自治省が発足した。2001年(平成13)1月の中央省庁再編に伴い、総務庁、郵政省とともに再編統合され、総務省となった。

 自治省の任務は、地方自治および公職選挙等に関する各種の制度の企画・立案、運営の指導、国と地方公共団体との連絡、地方公共団体相互間の連絡協調によって地方自治の本旨の実現と民主政治の確立に資すること、消防に関する事務を処理し水火災等による災害の防除に資することであった。

 自治省の所掌事務としては、国と地方公共団体との一般的連絡に関すること、地方公共団体の求めに応じて当該地方公共団体の行政および財政に関する総合的な調査を行うこと、公有地の拡大の推進に関する法律(昭和47年法律第66号)に基づく土地開発公社および都市計画区域内の土地等の先買いに関する事務を行うこと、総合保養地域整備法(昭和62年法律第71号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、多極分散型国土形成促進法(昭和63年法律第83号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、大都市地域における宅地開発および鉄道整備の一体的推進に関する特別措置法(平成1年法律第61号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、産業廃棄物の処理にかかわる特定施設の整備の促進に関する法律(平成4年法律第62号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、中心市街地における市街地の整備改善および商業等の活性化の一体的推進に関する法律(平成10年法律第92号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、国家行政組織法第16条第1項および地方自治法(昭和22年法律第67号、第261条を除く)の規定に基づく内閣総理大臣の権限の行使に関する助言その他の援助に関すること、地方自治に影響を及ぼす国の施策の企画、立案および運営に関し、必要な意見を関係行政機関に申し出ること、地方公共団体の組織および運営に関する制度の企画および立案に関すること、地方自治に関する制度およびその運営に関する調査研究に関すること、合併市町村の建設に関する計画の指導その他市町村の育成および振興に関すること、特定商業集積の整備の促進に関する特別措置法(平成3年法律第82号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、地方拠点都市地域の整備および産業業務施設の再配置の促進に関する法律(平成4年法律第76号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、地方拠点都市地域の整備および産業業務施設の再配置の促進に関する法律(平成4年法律第76号)の施行に関する事務を行うこと、公職選挙法(昭和25年法律第100号)および同法の規定を準用する法律に基づく選挙に関する制度の企画および立案に関すること、地方公共団体の住民による各種の直接請求に基づく投票に関する制度の企画および立案に関すること、地方公共団体の財政に関する制度の企画および立案その他地方財政に関すること、地方交付税の総額の見積りに関すること、地方交付税の交付に関すること、地方交付税の減額または返還に関すること、地方特例交付金に関すること、地方債に関すること、地方公共団体の財政資金の調達に関して斡旋(あっせん)すること、地方税に関する制度の企画および立案その他地方税に関すること、等であった。なお、「地方分権」は、行政改革、規制緩和とならぶ時代のキーワードとなったが、「地方分権」推進への取組みは、近年の自治省の最大の課題でもあった。

 中央省庁再編前の自治省の組織は次のようなものであった。内部部局として、大臣官房のほか、行政局、財務局、税務局があり、行政局に、公務員部および選挙部が置かれていた。審議会としては、地方財政審議会、地方公務員共済組合審議会、中央固定資産評価審議会が、特別の機関として、自治紛争調停委員、中央選挙管理会、施設等機関には、地方公務員の研修機関としての自治大学校があった。外局として、消防庁が置かれ、その下に、消防審議会、消防研究所、消防大学校が置かれていた。消防庁の組織、所掌事務および権限は、消防組織法による。これらの業務の多くは、新省庁の総務省自治行政局、自治財政局、自治税務局に引き継がれた。

[平田和一]

[参照項目] | 総務省 | 地方公共団体 | 地方自治 | 内務省

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