A fleshy organ that protrudes from the floor of the mouth of vertebrates; it is a sensory organ for touch and taste, and is also involved in stirring food, swallowing, and vocalization. The tongue of fish lacks muscles and is immobile; it is merely a semilunar projection of the floor of the mouth. This part corresponds to the base of the tongue in amphibians and above, and is differentiated from the lingual arch (second visceral arch). In fish, taste organs are not limited to the tongue, but are distributed widely in the mouth. In amphibians and above, the floor of the mouth above the jaw arch (first visceral arch) bulges from both sides, and the tongue body, which is fused in the center, is added to the base of the tongue. Both of these parts are usually called the tongue. In frogs, the rear end of the tongue is not on the floor of the mouth, but is at the tip of the lower jaw, and the tip is folded backwards. When taking food, the tongue is protruded forward by the action of lymphatic fluid. In reptiles and mammals, muscles develop under the tongue, which helps capture and swallow food, and allows the tongue to change shape and produce different vocalizations. However, the tongues of turtles, crocodiles, and whales are not mobile, and these animals cannot extend their tongues. On the other hand, insectivores and bats that feed on pollen are examples of well-developed tongues. The tip of the tongue of snakes and lizards is forked, and by extending and then retracting the tongue, odorous substances are attached to the tip, which is then placed against the opening of the Jacobson's organ in the mouth for olfaction. Many mammals use their tongues for grooming. Birds have a spear-shaped tongue, which is poorly developed and lacks muscles in the body of the tongue. The exception is woodpeckers, which can quickly extend their long tongues to catch insects and other insects in trees. There are protrusions called papillae on the surface of the tongue. There are four types of papillae: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate, and each is distributed differently. The tips of filiform papillae are keratinized and act as the teeth of a comb. Taste buds, which are taste organs, are developed on the walls of the deep grooves surrounding the circumvallate and foliate papillae. There are lymphatic nodules formed by the accumulation of lymphocytes on the surface of the base of the tongue, collectively known as the lingual tonsil. The lingual tonsil, together with the palatine tonsil and pharyngeal tonsil, surround the entrance from the oral cavity to the pharynx. In addition, jawless fish (cyclostomes) also have an organ called a tongue, with horny teeth on its surface that are used to scrape off food like a file and ingest it, but it is not homologous to the tongues of other vertebrates. [Masaru Wada] Structure and function in humansThe human tongue is a mass of striated muscle that protrudes from the floor of the mouth into the oral cavity, its surface covered with mucous membrane, and is useful for tasting, chewing, swallowing, and speaking. The average size of the tongue in Japanese people is reported as follows: (1) Length: 7.3 cm for men, 7.2 cm for women, (2) Width: 4.9 cm for men, 4.5 cm for women, (3) Thickness: 2.2 cm for men, 2.1 cm for women (according to Kunitomo Kanae). The entire tongue is divided into three parts: the base, body, and tip. Most of the tongue is the body, but the upper surface of the tongue is called the dorsum, and in its center there is a shallow groove called the midline lingual groove that runs from front to back. Behind the dorsum is a V-shaped groove (sulcus terminalis) that opens forward, which is the boundary between the tongue body and the base. In addition, behind the center of the sulcus terminalis there is a depression called the lingual cecum. This is the origin of the pharyngeal duct that existed during fetal development, which connected the pharynx and the thyroid gland, after it closed and degenerated. On the underside of the tongue, there is a fold called the lingual frenulum that connects the midline to the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. The mucous membrane on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue has many small projections called papillae, which give the tongue a rough and textured feel. These papillae are made of stratified squamous mucosal epithelium, but are supported by connective tissue beneath the mucosal epithelium. The filiform papillae (elongated, about 0.5-3.0 mm) are widely distributed on the dorsal tongue, and their tips are keratinized. In animals other than humans, the filiform papillae are neatly arranged like brushes, making it easier to pick up food. The tip of the tongue has fungiform papillae, which are slightly shorter (0.5-1.5 mm) than the filiform papillae. These papillae do not keratinize, giving the tongue a smooth feel. Foliate papillae are arranged on the lateral edges of the tongue, and the area where they are present is called the foliate region. Numerous taste buds are present in the epithelium on the sides of the foliate papillae, and serve as taste receptors. In humans, they are poorly developed and reduced, but are well developed in monkeys, rabbits, etc. In front of the terminal sulcus are the circumvallate papillae, which are arranged in a line along the sulcus terminalis like warts. They are about 2 millimeters wide and number between 7 and 15. The circumvallate papillae are raised like hills with grooves around them, and many taste buds are present within the lateral epithelium. The connective tissue below the circumvallate papillae is rich in nerves, which, together with the taste buds, play an important role in gustation. There are numerous wart-like raised bumps at the base of the tongue. These are called lingual tonsils, lymph nodes densely packed with lymphocytes, and are involved in antibody production. The muscles that make up the tongue are called the intrinsic tongue muscles, and the muscles that come out of various parts of the skull and connect to the tongue are called the extrinsic tongue muscles. The intrinsic tongue muscles are made up of longitudinal, transverse, and vertical striated muscle fiber bundles combined with loose connective tissue rich in fat cells, and are useful for smooth and free movement of the tongue. The extrinsic tongue muscles (genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus) are responsible for movements such as protruding, retracting, and flexing the tongue. The intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles involved in the tongue are controlled by the hypoglossal nerve. The sensory nerves of the tongue are distributed in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue by the lingual nerve (a branch of the third division of the trigeminal nerve), and in the posterior one-third of the tongue by the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve. The senses include gustatory fibers and pain/general sensory fibers. The tongue also contains minor salivary glands that keep the surface of the tongue constantly moist. Loss of taste is one of the functional disorders of the tongue. When part of the facial nerve is damaged, the sense of taste is lost in the front two-thirds of the tongue on the damaged side, and when the glossopharyngeal nerve is damaged, the sense of taste is lost in the back third of the tongue on the damaged side. When the hypoglossal nerve on one side is damaged, the tongue muscle on the same side becomes paralyzed, and when the tongue is pushed forward, it bends towards the paralyzed side. In addition, when a person suffers from a digestive disease or fever, a white or brown coating may develop on the tongue mucosa. This is called tongue coating, and is made up of epithelial cells, lymphocytes, food debris, etc. [Kazuyo Shimai] [References] | | | |tongue coating| |©Shogakukan "> Names of parts of the tongue and papillae Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
脊椎(せきつい)動物の口腔底(こうこうてい)から突出した肉質の器官で、触覚や味覚の感覚器官であるほか、食物の攪拌(かくはん)、嚥下(えんげ)、あるいは発声にも関係する。魚類の舌は筋肉を欠くため動かず、口腔底の半月状突起にすぎない。この部分は両生類以上の舌根部に相当し、舌弓(第2内臓弓)より分化する。魚類では味覚器は舌に限らず、口腔内に広く分布する。両生類以上になると、顎弓(がっきゅう)(第1内臓弓)上方の口腔底が左右より膨らみ中央で癒合した舌体部が、舌根部に加わる。普通、舌とよばれるのはこの両方の部分である。カエルでは舌の後端が口腔底につかずに下顎の先にあり、先端が後方に畳まれている。餌(えさ)をとるときには、リンパ液の働きで舌を前方に突出させる。爬虫(はちゅう)類と哺乳(ほにゅう)類では、舌の下側に筋肉が発達するようになり、餌の捕獲や嚥下を助け、さらに舌の形をいろいろと変えて発声に変化を与えられるようになる。ただしカメ類、ワニ類、それにクジラ類の舌は運動性に乏しく、これらの動物は舌を出すことができない。逆によく発達した例としては、食虫類や、花粉を餌とするコウモリ類がある。ヘビ類やトカゲ類の舌の先端は二またに分かれており、舌を出してから引っ込めることにより、先端ににおい物質を付着させ、これを口腔内のヤコブソン器官の開口部にあてがって嗅覚(きゅうかく)に利用している。多くの哺乳類は舌を毛づくろいのために使う。鳥類の舌は槍(やり)の穂先のような形をしており、舌体部の発達は悪く筋肉を欠いている。ただし例外はキツツキ類で、長い舌をすばやく突き出し、木の中の虫などをとらえるのに役だてている。 舌の表面には舌乳頭(ぜつにゅうとう)とよばれる突起がある。舌乳頭には糸状乳頭、茸状(じじょう)乳頭、有郭乳頭、葉状(ようじょう)乳頭の4種があり、それぞれ分布が異なる。糸状乳頭は先端が角質化し、櫛(くし)の歯の役割をする。有郭乳頭と葉状乳頭を取り巻く深い溝の壁には、味覚器である味蕾(みらい)が発達している。舌根部の表面には、リンパ球が集まってできたリンパ結節があり、総称して舌扁桃(ぜつへんとう)とよばれる。舌扁桃は口蓋扁桃(こうがいへんとう)や咽頭扁桃(いんとうへんとう)とともに口腔から咽頭への入口を囲むようになっている。なお、無顎類(円口類)にも舌とよばれる器官があり、表面には角質の歯があって、やすりのように食物をこすり取って摂取するのに使われるが、他の脊椎動物の舌と相同ではない。 [和田 勝] ヒトにおける構造と機能ヒトの舌は口腔底(こうくうてい)から口腔に突出した横紋筋の塊で、表面は粘膜に覆われており、味覚、そしゃく、嚥下、発声に役だっている。日本人の舌の大きさの平均は次のように報告されている。(1)長さ=男7.3センチメートル、女7.2センチメートル、(2)幅=男4.9センチメートル、女4.5センチメートル、(3)厚さ=男2.2センチメートル、女2.1センチメートル(国友鼎による)。舌全体は舌根、舌体、舌尖(ぜっせん)の3部分に分けられる。舌の大部分は舌体であるが、舌の上面を舌背(ぜつはい)とよび、その中央部には前後に走る浅い舌正中溝という溝がみられる。舌背の後方には、前方に向かって開放しているV字形の溝(分界溝)があり、これが舌体と舌根との境になっている。また、分界溝の中央後方には舌盲孔(ぜつもうこう)という凹(くぼ)みがある。これは、胎生期に存在した甲状腺管(こうじょうせんかん)という咽頭と甲状腺を連ねた管が閉じて退化したのち、咽頭の管の起始部が残ったものである。舌の下面では、正中部と口腔底の粘膜とをつないでいる舌小帯というヒダ(襞)がみられる。 舌背と側面の表面の粘膜には多数の細かい舌乳頭という小突起が存在しているため、舌表面の感じは粗く、ざらざらとしている。これらの乳頭は重層扁平(へんぺい)粘膜上皮からできているが、その土台となっているのは粘膜上皮下の結合組織である。舌乳頭のうち、舌背に広く分布しているのが糸状乳頭(細長く約0.5~3.0ミリメートル)で、先端部は角化している。ヒト以外の動物では糸状乳頭はブラシのように整然と配列しており、食物をとりやすくしている。舌尖には茸状(じじょう)乳頭が分布し、糸状乳頭よりはやや短い(0.5~1.5ミリメートル)。この乳頭には角化現象がみられないため舌表面は平滑な感じとなる。舌の側縁では葉状乳頭が配列し、これが存在する部分を葉状部とよんでいる。葉状乳頭の側面では上皮内に多数の味蕾が存在し、味覚の受容器となっている。ヒトでは発達が悪く減少しているが、サル、ウサギなどではよく発達している。分界溝の前には、この溝に沿っていぼ状に一列に配列する有郭乳頭がある。幅は約2ミリメートル前後で、数は7から15くらいである。有郭乳頭は丘状に盛り上がり、周囲には溝があり、この側面上皮内には多数の味蕾が存在する。有郭乳頭の下部結合組織には神経が豊富で、味蕾とあわせて味覚のための重要な働きをしている。 舌根部には多数のいぼ状の高まりがある。これは舌扁桃とよばれるリンパ球が密集して形成されたリンパ節で、抗体産生に関与する。 舌個体を構成している筋を舌固有筋(内舌筋)とよび、頭蓋骨(とうがいこつ)のいろいろの部分から出て舌へとつながる筋を外舌筋とよぶ。舌固有筋は、縦走・横走・垂直に走る横紋筋線維束が脂肪細胞に富んだ疎性結合組織と組み合わされたもので、舌の滑らかな、自由な運動に役だっている。外舌筋(オトガイ舌筋・茎突舌筋・舌骨舌筋)は、舌の突出、後退、屈曲などの運動をつかさどる。舌に関与する内舌筋、外舌筋は舌下神経の支配を受けている。舌の知覚神経は、舌の前3分の2部分には舌神経(三叉(さんさ)神経第3枝の枝)、舌の後ろ3分の1部分には舌咽神経と迷走神経が分布する。知覚には味覚線維と痛覚・一般知覚線維が含まれている。舌にも小唾液腺(しょうだえきせん)が分布しており、舌の表面を絶えず湿らせている。 舌の機能障害に味覚消失がある。顔面神経の一部が障害をおこすと障害側の舌の前3分の2の味覚がなくなり、舌咽神経に障害がおこると、障害側の舌の後ろ3分の1の味覚が消失する。また、一側の舌下神経が障害をおこすと同側の舌筋の麻痺(まひ)とともに、舌を前に突き出す運動の際、舌は麻痺側に曲がる。このほか、消化器疾患や熱病などにかかると、舌粘膜に白色や褐色の被膜が生じることがある。これを舌苔(ぜったい)とよび、上皮細胞、リンパ球や食物の残りかすなどによってできる。 [嶋井和世] [参照項目] | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 舌の各部名称と舌乳頭 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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