Natural Language Processing

Japanese: 自然言語処理 - しぜんげんごしょり
Natural Language Processing

With the advent of computers, programming languages ​​have been created and used. Since their grammar and meanings are precisely defined artificially, they are called artificial languages. However, Japanese, which has been used by the Japanese people for a long time, is a naturally occurring language, so it is called a natural language. Inputting this natural language into a computer and carrying out some kind of information processing according to the purpose is called natural language processing.

The beginning of natural language processing was the attempt at machine translation, which began soon after the appearance of so-called high-level programming languages ​​such as FORTRAN in the late 1950s. In Japan, research into converting telegrams received in romaji into mixed kana-kanji text began early on, which led to the current kana-kanji conversion processing and revolutionized the way Japanese is written. However, compared to natural language processing such as human translation, the capabilities of computers are still far weaker. To perform at the same level as humans, correct semantic understanding is essential. Understanding here means returning an appropriate response by matching the input sentence with an internal model (a model of the external world constructed internally). This issue remains a difficult problem for computer technology. For example, as the British mathematician Turing set as a problem for determining the realization of artificial intelligence, can a computer be created that can discuss the sound and nuance of poetry in natural language in the same way as humans? At least, Turing's prediction that this would be realized by the year 2000 has not been achieved.

[Tamura Koichi]

"Introduction to Natural Language Processing" by Naoyuki Okada (1991, Kyoritsu Shuppan) " "Natural Language Processing - Fundamentals and Applications" edited by Hozumi Tanaka (1999, Corona Publishing)

[References] | machine translation | information processing | artificial language | artificial intelligence | Turing | program | programming language

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

コンピュータの出現により、プログラミングのための「言語」がつくられ、利用されるようになった。その文法や意味は人為的に正確に定められているため、これを人工言語とよぶならば、日本人が昔から使っている日本語などは自然発生的にできたものなので、自然言語とよぶことになる。この自然言語をコンピュータに入力し、目的に応じてなんらかの情報処理を施すことを自然言語処理という。

 1950年代後半にFORTRAN(フォートラン)など、いわゆる高級プログラム言語が出現してまもなく始められた機械翻訳の試みが、自然言語処理の始まりである。日本では、ローマ字で届いた電文をかな漢字交じり文に変換する研究が早くから始められており、これが現在のかな漢字変換処理につながり、日本語の表記法に革命をもたらした。しかし、人間の行う翻訳などの自然言語処理に比べると、コンピュータの能力はいまだにはるかに非力である。人間と同程度に行うには、正しい意味理解が不可欠である。ここでいう理解とは、入力文を内部モデル(内部に構築した外部世界のモデル)に照応することによって適切な反応を返すことである。この課題は、いまもってコンピュータ技術にとっての難問である。たとえば、イギリスの数学者チューリングが人工知能の実現度判定問題としたように、詩の音韻やニュアンスについて、コンピュータが人間と同じように自然言語で議論できるプログラムが実現できるかどうか。少なくともチューリングが予言した2000年までの実現は達成されていない。

[田村浩一郎]

『岡田直之著『自然言語処理入門』(1991・共立出版)』『田中穂積監修『自然言語処理――基礎と応用』(1999・コロナ社)』

[参照項目] | 機械翻訳 | 情報処理 | 人工言語 | 人工知能 | チューリング | プログラム | プログラム言語

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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