Natural rights - Shizenken (English spelling) natural right

Japanese: 自然権 - しぜんけん(英語表記)natural right
Natural rights - Shizenken (English spelling) natural right

It refers to rights under natural law, and is opposed to rights under positive law. During the Japanese Freedom and People's Rights Movement, it was translated as "Theory of Natural Rights (tenpujinken)." The idea of ​​natural rights is typically expressed in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776, which states, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." When power violates these natural rights, a right of resistance under natural law arises. The idea of ​​natural rights is also expressed in the declaration of the Constitution of Japan, which states, "The fundamental human rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be endowed to this and future people as eternal and inviolate rights" (Article 11).

The ideological basis for natural rights is Christian thought, which holds that natural rights are given by God, and secular natural law theory, which holds that humans have such rights as humans. The content and scope of natural rights have changed historically, and in addition to the right to life, liberty, and the right to pursue happiness, some also list the right to vote and the right to resist. Even among those who recognize the right to resist, few would give unlimited authority to each individual to determine what laws are bad, even if they support the social contract theory. Hobbes believes that the right to defend life is inalienable (inalienable). Thinkers who openly recognize the right to resist include Althusius and Locke.

On the other hand, there are thinkers who deny the existence of natural rights, and are called legal positivists. According to them, the protection of human rights under the constitution is also a protection created by positive law, and if the law changes, it will no longer exist. Furthermore, the arguments of legal positivism include theoretical arguments that natural rights cannot be recognized, and practical arguments that natural law ideas are dangerous ideas that endanger the social order.

[Ryuichi Nagao]

[References] | Natural Law | Natural Rights Theory | Legal Positivism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自然法上の権利をいい、実定法上の権利に対立する。日本の自由民権運動の時期には「天賦人権(てんぷじんけん)論」と訳された。自然権の思想を典型的に表したものは、1776年のアメリカ独立宣言であり、「われわれは、自明の真理として、すべての人は平等に造られ、造物主によって、一定の奪いがたい天賦の権利を付与され、そのなかに生命、自由および幸福の追求の含まれることを信ずる」とあるのがそれである。権力がこの自然権を侵した場合には、自然法上の抵抗権が生ずる。日本国憲法が「この憲法が国民に保障する基本的人権は、侵すことのできない永久の権利として、現在及び将来の国民に与へられる」(11条)と宣言しているのも自然権思想の表れである。

 自然権の思想的根拠としては、神が与えたものとするキリスト教思想と、人間は人間としてこのような権利をもつとする世俗的自然法論とがある。自然権の内容、範囲については歴史的に変化しており、生存権、自由権、幸福追求権のほかに参政権や抵抗権をあげる者もある。国家による以上の諸権利の侵犯に対しては国民に抵抗権があるとして、抵抗権を認める者でも、何が悪法かという認定権を各人に無制限にゆだねる者は少ない。ホッブズは社会契約説にもかかわらず、生命防衛権だけは譲渡しえない(不可譲性)と考える。抵抗権を正面から認める思想家としてはアルトゥジウスやロックがいる。

 他方、自然権の存在を否定する思想家もあり、法実証主義者とよばれる。彼らによれば、憲法上の人権保障も実定法がつくりだした保障であり、法が変わればもはや存在しないとする。さらに法実証主義の論拠にも、自然権は認識できないという理論上の論拠と、自然法思想は社会秩序を危うくする危険な思想だという実践上の論拠とがある。

[長尾龍一]

[参照項目] | 自然法 | 天賦人権論 | 法実証主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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